Manual of heavy artillery service: prepared for the use of the army and militia of the United States

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While Brown had started the war as a militia officer before receiving a Regular Army commission, Scott had held a Regular commission since May Before the war, he served under Wilkinson around New Orleans but was suspended for one year after criticizing his commander. During the first year of the War of , Scott was wounded and captured at Queenston Heights. After the campaign, Armstrong and President Madison called Scott to Washington to confer with him and try to determine what could be done to improve the Army.

At the age of twenty-seven, he was the youngest general officer in the Army at that time. Like many professional soldiers, Scott also expressed little more than contempt for the amateur soldiers of the militia and employed them only reluctantly. With his new command established, Brown set about the task of preparing his army for an upcoming campaign against the British on the Niagara Peninsula. His most important act was to establish a camp of military instruction to improve the proficiency of his officers and men so they could face the British redcoats on equal terms.

Brown assigned this task to Scott shortly before leaving for Sackets Harbor, giving him the authority to run the camp as he saw fit.

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Second, he hoped to inculcate a sense of discipline into his regulars that would approach that of the British. Discipline was a strict requirement of the early nineteenth century battlefield because of the tactics of the time—linear formations firing volleys into enemy formations at short range with smoothbore muskets.

It took a well-trained army to march in the proper formations and perform the intricate maneuvers required to bring the maximum number of weapons to bear. A disciplined army was also less likely to waver when faced with volleys of artillery and musket fire, or the cold steel of an enemy bayonet charge. Winfield Scott was brevetted a major general for valorous action during the battle of Lundy Lane in late July While he somewhat exaggerated his importance at the Buffalo training camp years later in his memoirs, his success in training the soldiers there cannot be denied.

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One of the most important things Scott first stressed was camp sanitation. Having served under Wilkinson at Terre aux Boeufs in Louisiana, Scott witnessed the horrible living conditions American soldiers endured in their humid, swampy, and mosquito infested camps. Hundreds of soldiers died from disease as a result of poor sanitation. To avoid a repeat of what occurred in Louisiana, Scott placed the camp in a location that provided good drainage. He required soldiers to bathe regularly—at least three times a week with a specified amount of time to be spent in the water.

Scott also worked to provide better rations for the troops. As result, the amount of soldiers on the sick list drastically decreased, and illness claimed the lives of only two soldiers in the camp. Scott emphasized military etiquette within camp.

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Scott insisted on a tough and rigid training schedule. Drill began at and lasted ten hours per day. Since no acceptable American tactical drill manuals existed, Scott used his personal copy of the French Reglement. While many of the soldiers in camp were veterans rather than raw recruits, few had received any instruction above company level.

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Scott emphasized training that taught his regiments to work with each other at the brigade level. As result of the intense training, Scott formed a cohesive nucleus with which to build an army. Scott was so confident in his regimen that he pledged to resign his commission if he had not created the finest fighting force in the Army by 1 June. Six were caught and punished. Five more were sentenced to death by firing squad.

The executioners opened fired and all five deserters fell. One soldier, however, slowly rose, realizing he had not been shot. As a result of the executions, few, if any, soldiers tried to desert after 4 June. In preparation for a potential expedition against the British, Brown and Scott collected supplies, ammunition, and rations for the Left Division. In addition, Scott requested new uniforms for the regulars.

The Quartermaster General, however, informed Scott that because of the British blockade, blue cloth for uniforms was in short reply.

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Furthermore, the small number of blue uniforms in stock had been sent to Sackets Harbor. With no other option, Scott ordered uniforms in militia gray, the only cloth available in adequate supplies. After leaving 1, troops with Gaines at Sackets Harbor, Brown returned to Buffalo on 5 June to wait for further orders from Washington for the upcoming invasion of Canada. On 21 June, he finally received orders from Armstrong authorizing the invasion of the Niagara Peninsula. Boats, however, were in short supply.

Scott commanded the First Brigade, which consisted of the 9th, 11th, 22d, and 25th Infantry Regiments and totaled 1, men. The Second Brigade, commanded by Ripley, included two regiments, the 21st and 23d, along with two companies of the 17th and 19th Regiments incorporated into the 23d. Porter of the New York militia. Porter had difficulty raising a substantial number of New York militiamen, so much of the brigade consisted of a regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers under COL James Fenten, along with a smaller number of New York militia.

British pickets quickly discovered the landings and began to sporadically snipe at the American forces. As the boat carrying Scott neared the Canadian side of the Niagara, Scott leapt into the water to lead his men ashore. Instead, he fell into a hole along the bottom. Weighed down by his heavy uniform and sword, Scott nearly became the first casualty of the campaign.

Scott then led his men onto Canadian soil with nothing injured except, possibly, his pride. Led by Scott, the American forces quickly surrounded Fort Erie and deployed artillery around it.

Riall had nearly 2, men on the Niagara front and could count on another 1, troops posted farther north. While he had served with the British Army for nearly twenty years, Riall had little combat experience. Nevertheless, like most British officers, he had a very low opinion of American troops and believed that his forces could defeat this latest incursion with little difficulty. Upon receiving word of the American landings near Fort Erie, Riall immediately began preparing his forces for battle.

One of his first acts was to order LTC Thomas Pearson south with two companies of the th Foot, a company of the 1st Foot, two pounder guns, and a detachment of the 19th Light Dragoons to make contact with the Americans and slow their advance. As the British crossed a number rivers and streams while retreating towards the Chippewa, the Redcoats attempted to destroy bridges to hamper the American advance. Smoke shrouded the area as Riall had ordered several houses set afire on the south bank to deny the Americans cover.

By that time Brown had caught up with Scott, and the two surveyed the British positions. Since it was late in the day and the British occupied strong positions, Brown decided not to press the attack. Instead, he planned to cross the river and flank the British along their right the following day.

Apart from a brief incident with some hostile Indians experienced by Scott and his staff on the morning of 5 July, the day began fairly quietly. Later in the afternoon, Brown and his party came under fire from Canadian militia and Indians from the woods to his left. The British were already on the plain and began to form into line of battle, with the 1st and th Foot in the front and the 8th Foot and Canadian militia behind them.

Riall also placed additional militia and Indians in the woods along his right. One officer in the 9th Infantry, CPT Thomas Harrison, had part of his leg torn off by a cannon ball, but in an effort to inspire his men, he refused to be carried from the field until victory was won. They soon hit a British caisson, exploding it and effectively silencing the British guns. The subsequent lack of artillery support placed the British at a serious disadvantage.

Riall ordered his troops forward and seemed determined to bull his way through the American lines. To make matters worse for the British, the Americans employed aimed fire, which took a heavy toll among the British officers. In an effort to bring additional firepower to bear, Riall ordered the 8th Foot to move out from behind its trailing position to the British right along the woods. The American regiments performed the maneuver like seasoned veterans and caught the British infantry in a murderous crossfire.

The lead British units, the 1st and th Foot, bravely continued to march forward, but both suffered heavy casualties and finally began to waver. Then, as the British soldiers completed their meal, General Putnam brought patriot militia to dig in on Bunker Hill. John Stark and two New Hampshire regiments fortified an existing fence between the breastwork and the Mystic River with additional posts and rails and stuffed it with hay and grass to provide cover for men positioned there.

They also constructed and fortified a stone wall on the Mystic River beach as an extension of the rail fence. This defense was to prevent the British from surrounding the redoubt. Approximately 1, British troops under Howe set out along the beach of the Mystic River to outflank the colonists. Both groups wore heavy red-woolen coats, bore heavy packs on their backs, and carried fixed bayonets that glinted in the sun. Mindful of their small amount of ammunition, colonial officers cautioned the troops to use their weapons carefully.

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