Childhood and Disability in the Nordic Countries: Being, Becoming, Belonging

Childhood and disability in the Nordic countries: being, becoming, belonging

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In addition, it is planning to introduce a new law, establishing the rights of travellers using local and regional public transport. The public sector is using the internet as an information channel to an increasing extent. New IT tools may give people with disabilities a greater degree of independence. The Education Act states that children in need of special assistance at school should be provided with it.

General inaccessibility means that people with functional disabilities do not have the same opportunities as others to participate in community life. The Swedish Government is working to overcome this problem in various ways. In Sweden, there is social welfare for all, but there are also special programs designed to address the needs of people with disabilities.

One important feature of the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments LSS gives disabled people the right to personal assistance, in principle free of charge. The amount of help they receive is determined by the extent of their disabilities.

People with disabilities can apply for municipal grants so they can have their accommodation modified. This may involve having doorsteps removed, support rails mounted, doorways widened, automatic door openers fitted, or special elevators installed.

Such grants cover all types of disabilities, including mobility disability, impaired vision, mental disorders and allergies. The first such grant was made available on a trial basis in , and was introduced formally in Anyone in need of extra support may live in group housing, where staff provide hour assistance.

Group housing usually comprises a number of apartments with a range of common amenities. Another alternative is the serviced flat; people can live completely independently but are able to call for assistance at any time.

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The family home is another option, enabling children with functional disabilities to live with a family other than their own during certain periods. People who have great difficulty travelling or using public transport can receive a car subsidy from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. They might be in pain, or have breathing difficulties, reduced mobility or a poor sense of balance. Parents of children with functional impairments may also apply for a car allowance. The state is responsible for helping people to find and keep jobs through its labour market agencies. Employers who hire people whose work capacity is limited are sometimes entitled to wage subsidies.

The state-owned services and goods provider Samhall offers people with disabilities meaningful employment that furthers their personal development.

People with disabilities can also receive various types of financial assistance from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. The City of Stockholm has significantly improved accessibility in the capital. For example:. Hanne Warming. Rebekah Willett. David Buckingham. Rannveig Traustadottir. Nicholas Lee. Tom Cockburn.

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Andressa M. Sam Frankel. Amanda Third. Anne Trine Kjorholt. Home Contact us Help Free delivery worldwide. Free delivery worldwide. Bestselling Series. Harry Potter. Popular Features. New Releases. Description This collection provides a comprehensive insight into disabled children and youth in Nordic countries.

Country Portrait Finland - The Finnish Welfare State | giuliettasprint.konfer.eu

It seeks to understand the experiences of children from their own perspectives and takes a multidisciplinary approach grounded in the new social studies of childhood and the Nordic relational approach to disability. Product details Format Hardback pages Dimensions x x Most frequently, the Nordic model is also used equivalent to the so-called Social Democratic welfare state model, or the Scandinavian model, introduced by Esping-Andersen in This model, or cluster of welfare states, is understood to have come into being in the aftermath of labour market shifts, an expansion of social services and a shift towards gender equalisation in the Nordic countries that became visible most notably in the 70s and 80s.

However, Finland is also a case to highlight if we were to criticise the Nordic welfare state as a collective concept for all Nordic countries. It may be argued that the great expansion of the welfare state in Finland occurred only during the s and 80s, whereas Sweden, in particular, was a forerunner of the Scandinavian Model much earlier Kettunen , This being said, Finland today exhibits several such characteristics that are congruent with the general characteristics of the so-called Scandinavian — or Nordic — model.

These are derived from characteristics related to the welfare states inputs, as summarised by Kautto et al. In addition, there is some evidence of an overall shift among European welfare state regimes, in which the overall trend is that the Nordic countries, as well as other European social welfare state models, have developed more and more similar characteristics in recent decades.

Therein, many indicators of social problems in contemporary societies are also used as indicators of the success and outcome of social policies. Characteristics of the Nordic welfare society are universal income guarantees and a broad and generous income safety net, including extensive income redistributions. In general terms, the Nordic welfare system applies to all citizens by law Esping-Andersen Even though the Nordic model is often primarily related to a social welfare model including social services, the social welfare system in the Nordic countries also includes a common understanding of the health care sector being embedded in the welfare model Lyttkens et al.

The purpose of social security in the Nordic welfare model is to ensure a minimum income and a reasonable level of consumption to all inhabitants, despite illness, unemployment, incapacity or old age, for instance.

Self-reported health and sickness benefits among parents of children with a disability

Therein, social security in the Nordic countries includes both social services and health care. Some of the social insurance benefits are based on work such as the pension scheme , whereas others are primarily based on residence in Finland, thereby being included in the social security system. Examples of residence-based benefits are child support benefits and day care services see chapter 3. The individual social security model in Finland rewards employment for all at the same time as the cultural expectation is that both women and men work.

Hence, employment rates are quite high for both sexes, as can be noted in the statistical appendix of this article. Both men and women usually work fulltime, however women more frequently than men are employed within social services, care and education. OSF , Though full-time employment is common among men as well as women, part-time employment is more widespread for older and for younger employees and for women.

However, one of the key differences between the Nordic countries as well as between the Nordic welfare state and other western welfare states, is how early child education and day care is organised. Both in order to facilitate full-time participation in the labour market, and to include all children in early childhood pedagogical activities, all municipals in Finland are obliged to arrange day care for children. Feminist researchers, but also other researchers of social policy, have highlighted the importance of the shift from the so-called male breadwinner model to an individual model — or a so-called dual breadwinner model — for the development of the Nordic welfare regimes.

Childhood and Disability in the Nordic Countries: Being, Becoming, Belonging

Hence, the emphasis on full employment and gender-neutral equality has been followed by both individual social policies and individual taxation policies thus not being tied to a family unit, the latter which presupposes task differentiation and different roles for the sexes living together in a household. The dual bread-winner model presupposes that all adults in working age, who are not studying, retired, ill or temporarily on parental leave, participate in the work force.

Bergqvist , As a consequence of the focus on dual earners in a family, the outcome of the Nordic welfare model is thus also a more equal income distribution between partners of a household as compared to many other countries, and a rather widely developed gender equality. Client payments cover about 10 per cent of the costs of social and health services.

Minimum benefits are mainly tax-financed while earnings-related benefits are financed by employer and employee contributions. In addition to social work and social services, both early childhood education and health care services are most frequently considered part of the Finnish and Nordic welfare system s. In Finland, social and health care policies are intimately intertwined, and during the last decade, there has been an intentional drive towards developing multiprofessional teams within public social service and health care.

During the last election period , the aim of the government has been to reform social services and health care, as well as regional government, bringing the sphere of social services and health care even closer together. However, the reform was discontinued in March , and it is now for the yet-to-be-appointed government to resolve how to proceed with the reform more on this topic in chapter 4.

Today, health care services are available to all permanent residents at rather low costs and regardless of their financial situation. The idea of the universality of the welfare state, includes the principle of everybody being assured health for the future, and equal access to health care for all inhabitants cf. Lyttkens , Primary health care services are mainly provided by municipal health care centres, even though there are also private health care service providers.

Specialised medical care is provided by district hospitals, though in respect of specialised health care, some services may be offered by private service providers as well. The Health Care Act requires each municipality to have a health centre, or to uphold a joint service centre with other municipalities. In brief, primary health care includes the following services: consultations; health counselling, including health education, contraception advice, maternity and child welfare and medical examinations; screening and vaccinations; dental health service; school and student health care; mental health services; emergency treatment; and home care services.

Secondary health care, on the other hand, includes specialised medical care defined as specialised medical and dental health. Specialised medical care is primarily provided by hospital districts; however, the provision of some demanding medical operations is centralised to five university hospitals in different parts of the country in Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Kuopio and Oulu.

Generally speaking, prehospital care and emergency care are provided for everyone in need, whereas non-emergency specialised medical care requires a referral issued by a medical professional or an occupational health physician. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, n.

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