Polyploidy: Biological Relevance

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Contents:

  • Polyploidy
  • Services on Demand
  • Other Subject Areas
  • Polyploidy

    • Many unanswered questions remain. Leitch and Bennett have suggested that the evolutionary potential of a polyploid depends on a number of factors associated with the formation of the polyploid and with genetic divergence between the parents; unfortunately, the factors involved in the origin and establishment of polyploids in nature are largely unknown Ramsey and Schemske, The success of a polyploid may depend, in part, on the parental origin of particular DNA sequences—is the sequence maternal or paternal and does it interact favorably with the organellar genomes?

    The type. Finally, what is the level of genetic differentiation between the parents? Although unreduced gamete production and even polyploid formation may be quite common in many groups of plants Ramsey and Schemske, , there are many obstacles to establishment of a polyploid population. Minority cytotype exclusion Levin, ; Fowler and Levin, ; Felber, may be particularly important in newly formed outcrossing polyploids where there are few potential mates unless there is substantial assortative mating Husband, ; when only one or a few polyploid individuals emerge within a population of diploids, outcrossing polyploid individuals may spend most of their gametes in sterile or partially sterile matings with their diploid parents.

    The apparent success of polyploids is biased toward those species that have overcome the barrier s to establishment, and this success may ultimately derive from a number of the genetic attributes of the polyploids. Polyploids have increased heterozygosity, an attribute that may be beneficial Mitton and Grant, ; Mitton, Polyploids also harbor higher levels of genetic and genomic diversity than was anticipated, with recurrent formation from genetically divergent diploid parents and possibly genome rearrangements contributing genetic diversity.

    This genetic diversity results in greater biochemical diversity, which also may be beneficial to the polyploid Levin, Finally, these genetic attributes may have ecological consequences. For example, if polyploids have lower inbreeding depression and are more highly selfing, they may be better colonizers, explaining the prevalence of polyploids on the list of the world's worst weeds. Polyploids may have broader ecological amplitudes than do their diploid progenitors because of their increased genetic and biochemical diversity Levin, Polyploids may experience new interactions with other species, such as pollinators Segraves, ; Segraves and Thompson, What are some of the future directions we see for research on the genetic attributes of polyploids?

    Polyploidy

    The general mode of formation of polyploids remains unknown; research into the factors that produce unreduced gametes and bring them together certainly is warranted. Additional studies, both theoretical and empirical, are needed to address expectations of inbreeding depression and outcrossing rates. Furthermore, the levels of gene flow among populations, especially those populations of separate origin, are unknown. Regarding genome rearrangements, how extensive are they within an individual or race? How widespread are they among species?

    How quickly do such rearrangements occur? Do populations of separate origin exhibit the same or different rearrangements? Finally, are basal angiosperms and homosporous pteridophytes.

    KEYWORDS/PHRASES

    If so, what can we learn about gene silencing from these plants? How extensive has gene silencing been, and is there evidence for the cooption of duplicated genes for new function? The study of polyploidy is a dynamic and open area of research, ranging from molecular genetic comparisons to population genetics, with important implications for the biology and evolution of the majority of plant species.

    We thank Kent Holsinger and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation. This work is dedicated to the memory of G. Ledyard Stebbins. Barrett, S.

    Services on Demand

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    Other Subject Areas

    Polyploidy as a dramatic mutational event in the process of evolution has wide The three day Conference on POLYPLOIDY: BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE. Basic Life Sci. ; Polyploidy: biological relevance. [No authors listed ]. PMID: ; [Indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH terms. Agriculture/methods.

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    PUBLICATION TITLE:

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    Polyploidy

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