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Email address for updates. My profile My library Metrics Alerts. Sign in. Get my own profile Cited by View all All Since Citations h-index 25 23 iindex 36 Co-authors Seth C. Dan Berkowitz University of Iowa Verified email at uiowa. Jason T. Peifer Indiana University Verified email at indiana.
Verified email at umn. Journalism Studies Media Studies. Articles Cited by Co-authors. Boundaries of Journalism. Boundaries of Journalism : Professionalism, Practices and Participation. Matt Carlson , Seth C. Professionalism norms and boundaries. Encountering nonjournalistic actors in newsmaking. Studying the boundaries of journalism Where do we go from here? The many boundaries of journalism. To test the research hypotheses, a structured questionnaire was carried out in June of among consumers residing in Spain, which represents an excellent basis for our study, given that is one of the European Union key members.
The questionnaires were deliberately not asked to select the one specific newspaper for which they have knowledge or consumer experience. If a customer frequently buys a determinate newspaper, he will have a detailed image and experience for this particular media, however, even if the customer has never read this particular paper, he will have some beliefs and a subjective image about it.
The target population were consumers aged 18 years and above. We developed five different versions of the questionnaire, each one relating to the media brands selected.
Then each participant was asked to draw one single questionnaire to ensure random assignment of the measurement instrument. A sample of consumers was obtained, comprising valid questionnaires.
Demographic information was also collected in the second part of the questionnaire to put the results in perspective. The data showed strong support for the Credible Brand Model. The confirmatory model evaluation was conducted with structural equation modeling using Amos First we examine the measurement model, by carrying out a confirmatory factor analysis to validate both reliability and statistical validity.
Following previous literature, composite reliability coefficients that exceed a value of 0,5 confirm the internal reliability of the construct considered HAIR et al. We also calculated the composite reliabilities of the latent variables, which ranged from 0, to 0, Finally, in relation with the analysis of extracted variance exceeded, it should reach the threshold of 0, 5, thus, we obtained acceptable values for all constructs HAIR et al. According to the results obtained for the structural modeling adjustment, Chi-Square is significant, so that it could be considered a reliable indicator of model fit BOLLEN, Other absolute measures of modeling adjustment Goodness of Fit Index and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation show good results, given that the former reaches the threshold of 0,9 value and the later comes near a 0,05 value.
The measures of incremental fit also indicate a proper fit, considering that the Incremental Fit Index, Tucker-Lewis Index and the Comparative Fit Index show values superior than 0,9. Table 2. First of all, the confirmatory model evaluation conducted with structural equation modeling revealed a good fit between the data and the hypothesized theoretical model. Regarding the causal relationships hypothesized the initial proposed model, five of them were statistically significant in the suggested direction H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , H 4 , H 5 and H 6.
However, we have not found sufficient empirical evidence to propose a positive significant relationship between media perceived quality and media brand equity; thus H 0 is not supported. Comparing the standardized coefficients obtained, the following results must be highlighted Table 3.
Thus, in terms of the effect size, the variable media image seems to contribute the most to customerbased media brand value. Regarding media brand loyalty, and contrary to our expectations, does not exert the higher influence on media brand value, as demonstrated in previous literature concerning products YOO et al.
This relationship was in the expected direction, but failed to reach statistical significance. So, contrary to our expectations, Spanish consumers do not consider the media perceived quality in the value provided by the media. This result may be perceived as press —either in paper nor electronic format- not influencing consumers' seek for value, maybe because they are supposed to offer and adequate quality, meaning the quality of information provided to audience, the contribution to the formation of public opinion on current issues, as well as contributing to the disclosure of the country's own culture and identity.
So, it can be stated that the higher media brand equity or brand value provided to consumers, the higher media credibility and the better attitude towards the media. Thus, the higher is the media credibility, the higher is the positive attitude towards the news media. This study proposes and tests empirically the Credible Brand Model , that analyses the process by which news media audience or consumers make credibility judgments about media.
So, the implications of this model for the theory and practice of mass communication are substantial in today's media environment. In this context, our study is of great interest, given that it proposes and analyses the relationships among variables which influence audience' perception of mass communication media credibility, by providing empirical evidence from a specific media type and context —Spanish press media-, thus extending the knowledge on media credibility, helping managers to understand the variables influencing the audience credibility perception of their media brands.
The present study proposes the Credible Brand Model OYEDEJI, in order to deepen the understanding of the influence and effects of customer-based brand equity on mass media credibility, providing a new way of analyzing the credibility process. The present study shows that consumers' evaluations and preferences toward media have a significant impact on credibility and attitude, making an interesting contribution to the existing body of knowledge in news media credibility.
Whilst theories explicate the role of brand equity in mass communication are still being developed, our study applies the Credible Brand Model , in order to analyze and assess the variables which influence media credibility, and thus, the process by which audience makes credibility evaluation about news media. The confirmatory model evaluation conducted with structural equation modeling revealed a good fit between the data and the hypothesized model.
So, one major conclusion is that the Credible Brand Model predicts mass media credibility, through customer-based brand equity dimensions, since our findings support the theoretical suitability of this conceptual model to the data corresponding to press media.
Other major conclusion is that media associations or image exerts the higher influence on customer-based brand value, whilst media brand loyalty and media awareness show slight influence on media brand equity. Thus, our major finding is that media brand image is the key source of enhanced consumer value and the main source of media credibility. These results are in line with Oyedeji who proved the relationship between the dimensions of brand equity identified by Aaker and media credibility, finding a significant relation between media credibility and media associations and media brand loyalty, despite not finding a positive significant relation between credibility and media awareness.
These findings also support Meyer research on influence model, predicting a strong relation among media credibility and customer loyalty. Furthermore, our findings are in line with Lin et al. However, contrary to our expectations our results do not support a positive significant relationship between media perceived quality and media brand equity, since the news content is key indicator of quality, enhancing the media's brand value.
The reason may be that consumers assume quality as an intrinsic characteristic inherent to the news content, or maybe the audience assumes media perceived quality in other terms rather than the contribution to the creation of public opinion on current issues or the disclosure of culture. Finally, the contribution of the present study is showing that media brand value is relevant and influences both media credibility and media attitude, that is, media brand equity from the consumers' standpoint is positively related with credibility and attitude towards the media, being both consequences of a high media brand value.
Therefore, the media brand value shows the increasing impact on consumers' perception of credibility and attitude to media products, rising further questions about the traditional viewpoint that media credibility depends on actions developed by the news media. In summary, media brand equity is positively associated with image and media loyalty, which appear to be more heavily weighted by the information consumers, and exert the higher influence on media credibility.
Consequently, the strategy of improving brand equity at the expense of credibility could be counterproductive, since the two concepts are related in customer's minds. Our results provide some useful insights for media managers. One major conclusion is that the increasing use of advertising and other branding strategies by news media companies — since they are tools for enhancing media image and associations- may help to improve media credibility and thus, increase media audience.
Creating, enhancing and maintaining media credibility is extremely important for media companies, in view of the numerous options available to audience. Therefore, media managers seeking for audience should be concerned in increasing audience's perception of their media credibility. Therefore, one of the major implications of our study is that media company managers should focus their efforts on positioning and defining their media brands in the minds of consumers, with branding campaigns, in order to improve consumers' perceptions of news media credibility and trustworthiness.
Moreover, our findings suggest that media managers should give more attention to the practices that can positively affect their news media credibility from the customer's standpoint, which are the media associations or image, along with their loyalty and awareness. Additionally, news media managers should focus on increasing the perceived quality of their media brands in order to ensure the long-term survival and profitability of their media, given that quality enhances media credibility, and since it shows poor results in our study. Finally, this study suggest that the declining media credibility may be explained by customer-based brand value factors, such as the news quality, the media image, the familiarity, recognition or recall of the media brand, along with media loyalty.
Thus, improving media credibility involves developing new ways of meeting the audience or the information consumers.
Boundaries of Journalism. Download pdf. Boundaries of Journalism. Matt Carlson examines the practices journalists use to legitimate their work: professional orientation, development of specific news forms, and the personal narratives they circulate to support a privileged social place. On shelf the following records have been successfully added: Entries, where adding on the shelf failed:. Search within subject: Select You can filter on reading intentions from the list , as well as view them within your profile.
Although results of our study are probably interest to all global media companies considering the Spanish news media market, this fact may limit the generalization of findings to all countries; since our study focused in only one specific European country. Future research should analyze whether results can be generalized to other mass media types, such as television, radio, magazines or the Internet, given that the present research analyses only one media type. Future research guidance should consider other dimensions of media credibility that have been proposed in previous literature, but we have not addressed in this study, such as the media prestige, reputation or experience.