The World from 1450 to 1700

The World from 1450 to 1700

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The Turning Point in Asia: Early Modern European and Asian Empires ()

They also serve to illustrate the potential of detailed study of European sources for the reconstruction of indigenous African history, as well that of European activities in Africa. Hair characterizes his own approach, as illustrated in these essays and by comparison with the work of other historians of Africa, not only in terms of its concentration on the critical analysis of conventional written which in practice, means mainly European sources, but also in terms of his eschewing generalization in favour of a particularistic focus.

However narrowly focused, these essays do more than simply challenge existing generalizations; they also provide the basis, albeit mostly implicitly, for alternative generalizations on the nature and impact of early Afro-European contact. Empirical solidity may make possible better generalization, and need not undermine the validity of any generalization. He self-consciously sets himself against what he sees as the dominant trends within academic African history, in his focus on detailed analysis and criticism of written sources, and more specifically European sources.

By contrast, the mainstream of African historical studies is condemned both for neglecting the systematic search for written sources, and for failing to apply the usual standards of academic historical scholarship to their interpretation and evaluation. One difficulty here is that there is a certain ambiguity over whether these remarks are intended to describe the milieu of African academic history at its beginning, in the s and 60s, or to apply more generally, down to the present.

Thus, while Hair is right to say that the discipline of source criticism traditional in other fields of history was generally neglected in the early days of the development of African history, this has become somewhat less true during the last few years. One symptom of this shift has been the institution by the African Studies Association, in , of a Text Prize, specifically for work in the critical editing of source material.

Also, the explanation which Hair offers of this neglect of the fundamental task of source criticism does not carry complete conviction. In fact, he offers a range of supplementary explanations, rather than a single one.

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Far from facing a paucity of such evidence, African historical studies have as yet done no more than scratch the surface of what is available. The pioneering works of academic African history in the s - K.

And this has generally remained true of work on the history of coastal western Africa. Serious attempts to write history on the basis of oral tradition were more characteristic of East and Central rather than West Africa, and generally related to areas in the interior for which there were, literally, no European sources at all for the pre-colonial period as with B. Moreover, although early enthusiasm for the potential of oral traditions as historical sources was often uncritical, work done since the s has produced greater sensitivity to the difficulties involved in their interpretation and evaluation.

It remains true that early work on pre-nineteenth African century history often displayed a disregard of or perhaps unawareness of the normal standards of criticism of written sources.

HM4404: Renaissance and Reformation: 1450-1700

This too seems to me doubtful. Although there was of course pressure in the early days to produce textbooks for use in schools and universities, the earliest published monographs of academic African history Dike, Biobaku etc.

Intellectual reputations in the field of African history were made out of detailed scholarship rather than grand synthesis. Over the long run, it might be suggested that African historical studies have been characterized and arguably, weakened by a lack of theory rather than the reverse. This, however, does not differentiate him from others in the pioneering generation, whose training was necessarily likewise outside African history.

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I have sometimes thought that the weakness of source criticism in African history was due to the fact that this pioneering generation was constituted by scholars trained in modern history, rather than in the fields of medieval or Classical history, where the problematic nature of fragmentary source material imposes more explicit attention to its critical analysis. Search within my subject: Select Politics Urban Studies U. History Law Linguistics Literature. Music Neuroscience Philosophy Physical Sciences.

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