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We focus here on economic crisis as one possible form of crisis narrative, all the while acknowledging that other forms of crisis and crisis narratives may have similar or different, weaker or even more profound, effects on local immigrant policies. Thus, it hopes to provide the foundation for a more extensive consideration of the relevance of crisis and crisis discourses for immigrant incorporation.
More generally, it contributes to a systematic understanding of local-level immigrant policymaking in recent and contemporary Western Europe. It recognises the local dimension of migration, integration and diversity policies, and shares the observation that cities, and indeed neighbourhoods, have become increasingly active in devising and implementing immigrant policies. Furthermore, it demonstrates that city-level policies not only often reflect local concerns, challenges and contexts, and thus constitute a political approach to migration in their own right, but that they are also inherently influenced by national and global economic developments.
Finally and importantly, this mini-symposium offers a dynamic perspective on city-level immigrant policies that recognises the vulnerability of local policies and the possible dismantling of existing city policies, structures and practices due to crisis as well as discoursive uses of the crisis metaphor. Debates on the role of the local level in the area of immigrant incorporation have gradually gained prominence in the migration studies literature. An analysis of the adaptation of local immigrant policies both complements and advances these discussions through a previously unexplored crisis perspective.
Ukrainian Migration to the European Union. Lessons from Migration Studies. Editors: Fedyuk, Olena, Kindler, Marta (Eds.) Free Preview. This open access book. Ukrainian Migration to the European Union. Lessons from Migration Studies examination into the flow of Ukrainian nationals to the EU.
This article was co-written by Dr. MS and Dr. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. See Hackett Foreigners, minorities and integration: the Muslim immigrant experience in Britain and Germany.
Manchester: Manchester University Press. Maria Schiller, Email: ed. Sarah Hackett, Email: ku. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Comparative Migration Studies. Comp Migr Stud. Published online Feb 6. Maria Schiller 1 and Sarah Hackett 2. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Received Aug 23; Accepted Dec 7. Abstract European cities are increasingly being recognised for the role they play in devising and implementing their own migration, integration and diversity policies.
Keywords: Immigrant policy, Crisis, Cities, Europe. Introduction After several decades without profound political or economic crises, Europe is currently confronted with several developments that challenge assumptions of constant stability and linear growth. Availability of data and materials This piece is an introduction. Notes Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes 1 During the s, the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK provisioned for ethnic minority businesses in the hope they would help regenerate an area of the city in decline. Contributor Information Maria Schiller, Email: ed. References Alexander M. Local policies toward migrants as an expression of host-stranger relations: A proposed typology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Crisis and migration: Implications of the Eurozone crisis for perceptions, politics, and policies of migration. Lund: Nordic Academic Press; New York: Palgrave Macmillan; Intercultural policy in times of crisis: Theory and practice in the case of Turin, Italy [Mini-symposium].
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Koser, K. Finney, N. Furthermore, it has long been argued that an economic recession leads to a more restrictive political approach to migration Ghosh, ; Hollifield, Yet the reality has been far more complex. In response to the tragedy, the Italian government launched Mare Nostrum , a vast search-and-rescue operation stretching into international waters. International immigration policy: A theoretical and comparative analysis , p.
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In June , facing arrivals that at that time already numbered twice that of the previous year, the Hungarian government built a 4-meter-high foot and kilometer-long mile fence along its border with Serbia.
In stark contrast to Hungary, daily arrivals into Greece as of March have averaged an astounding 1, per day. In the span of only a couple of years, Rome has effectively encompassed policy positions both as extreme and as different as those of Hungary and Greece. Several observers, including Human Rights Watch, considered Italy to be in breach of the Geneva Convention, insofar as it stipulates that contracting states cannot expel or return refugees or asylum seekers to states where their lives or freedom might be threatened.
According to Eurostat, entries into Europe via Italy in , the year before the start of the Arab Spring, totaled a mere 7, people. At the time, although Italian officials noted privately that these numbers were manageable, the political backlash had already begun. Even traditionally open nations such as Denmark reintroduced border controls. Then, in October , Italy performed an abrupt about-turn. A boat carrying some migrants sank off the coast of Lampedusa. In response to the tragedy, the Italian government launched Mare Nostrum , a vast search-and-rescue operation stretching into international waters.
This transference never quite materialized, however. While Mare Nostrum operated in international waters, Triton is active only up to 30 miles off the Italian coast. Mare Nostrum represented a complete reversal from the Libya-Italy deal. To picture it, one needs only to imagine the Italian coast guard sailing in two diametrically opposite directions: under the Berlusconi-Qadhafi deal, they would go back to Libya with boatloads of migrants, including potential asylees; with Mare Nostrum , the migrant boats would be intercepted and escorted to Italy.
However, the operation proved politically untenable.