Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age
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Living in sin: cohabiting as husband and wife in nineteenth-century England. In joy and in sorrow: women, family and marriage in the Victorian South, Inside the Victorian home: a portrait of domestic life in Victorian England. The maternal voice in Victorian fiction: rewriting the patriarchal family. Precocious children and childish adults: age inversion in Victorian literature.
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His big mistake was to assume that external features of the skull are directly related to brain structure and func- tion. Both Gall and Darwin collected enormous amounts of data in favor of their theories, both combined naturalistic observations with anecdotal evidence, and both argued for a close relationship between humans and other animals.
Good concludes that Darwin was influenced by Chambers who in turn had been heavily influ- enced earlier by Gall. Similarities in passages from Vestiges and Descent are used by Lyons to support her argument: Chambers: The difference between mind in the lower animals and in man is a difference in degree only; it is not a specific difference. Darwin: The difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, is certainly one of degree and not of kind. Both Darwin and Gall were materialists who rejected supernatural explanations, including the intelligent design arguments of the natural theologians.
However, by the time Darwin was writing Descent phrenology had become discredited and was increasingly seen as pseudoscience by scientists and most educated citizens. Part of the reason that phrenology became the poster child of pseudoscience was how Johann Spurzheim and George Combe began to entangle it with religion, removing it from the naturalistic research program of Gall. This is especially true of initial claims before careful investigations have taken place. What to believe is solid, science-backed knowledge and what is not continues to be a critical problem today, especially since the advent of television, the internet and clever mass marketing techniques.
Lyons notes that Victorians were optimistic about the potential of science to make a better life but at the same time they were worried that materialism would lead to a crisis of faith in religious belief, causing many to turn to spiritualist phenomena such as telekinesis, levitation, and clairvoyance. Among the many people who became interested in spiritu- alism was the scientist William Crookes b.
Hoffman, Royal Society member elected in , and believer in the traditional Christian afterlife. Whether it was his inability to detect the fraud of Home or his infatuation with Cook, Crookes lent his name to the spiritualist movement by supporting these two mediums. In spite of his involvement with spiritualism, Lyons notes that Crookes was knighted in , received the Order of Merit in , and was president of the Royal Society from to He and other scientists believed there could be aspects of spiritualist phenomena that were materialist in nature, open to detection given the right investigative methods.
Even so, many scientists like J. Thomson and John Rayleigh were not convinced that mate- rialism explained everything and they joined the Society for Psychical Research, founded in to use the methods of science to investigate psychic phenomena. Unlike Darwin, Wallace lived among indigenous people and was impressed with their honesty and harmonious way of life and the absence of a system of private property.
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When their papers on evolution via natural selection were presented to the Linnaean Society in , both Darwin and Wallace saw humans as direct descendents of other primates and connected to all other organisms in the tree of life. They had been communicating by letter with each other before and continued to do so for years after- ward.
giuliettasprint.konfer.eu: Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age (): Sherrie Lynne Lyons: Books. species, serpents, spirits, and skulls: science at the Margins in the victorian Age, by. Sherrie Lynne Lyons; pp. xiv + Albany: State university of new York.
Even though they agreed on many points regarding evolution and its causes, a crucial difference developed between the two men and it had to do with why prehistoric people needed such a large brain and other features that seemed to anticipate future needs.