Mobile and Wireless Communications: An Introduction

History of Mobile Communication

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Below fig 3 is a diagram of the evolution of mobile wireless network from 1G to 3G and their various network technologies. HSUPA will promote an improved individual to Individual data applications with increased and consistent data rates, such as email and continuous individual to individual gaming. The main features of the 4G wireless technology includes better Video conferencing, GPRS services, tele-medicine the use of telecommunication and information technology to provide medical services from a distance Pankaj Sharma, , increased level of security, speed and reduced cost of usage.

Pankaj Sharma, Although this procedure is more complex in the 4G wireless communication technology architecture because of the variations in the wireless technologies and Protocols Kumar1, et al. Terminal Mobility is needed in order for the 4G network technology to successfully deliver wireless services anywhere and at anytime.

Today and in 2020

Terminal mobility is a feature that permits users to roam across different geographical end point of wireless signals Zhu, Pankaj Sharma, Location management and handoff management are the two main problems associated with Terminal mobility, when it comes to location management the network finds and spots a mobile device for a potential connection. Mobile IPv6 MIPv6 is a systematic mainly IP mobile protocol for IPv6 wireless technology devices in which every device has an IPv6 home address so that whenever the devices move out of its home network, the home IP address becomes dormant thus allowing the device to get a new IPv6 address which is referred to as a care of address in the host network Pankaj Sharma, Sumit , Pankaj Sharma, This implies that the price of the network system will be inexpensive and there will be faster information and data transmission.

The 4th generation network architecture ensures that users are at liberty to select any form of service they want with a very fair and much better Service quality and also at a very user friendly fee wherever and whenever they want. Super high definition video streaming will reduce the latency of existing network and these technological advancements are most likely to further develop with the next generation 8k video streaming Nokia, However, the objective of 5G wireless communication technology hints to provide a constant satisfaction for end users.

The 5th generation networks will attain a mobile network latency of about 1ms which is way faster when compared to the 15 to 20 millisecond network latency that LTE networks achieve Nokia, Furthermore, with the advancements in wireless network architectures and the gradual introduction of new technologies like the internet of things, Visible light communication and white space broadband amongst others.

There is a need for a new network architecture, this is because soon enough every object on the surface of the earth would require an Internet protocol version 6 IPv6 address to be able to communicate with other devices and humans as well Nokia, AIPN would be able to carry out the ever growing needs of the cellular mobile communication industry. It is a popular scene for radio access systems.

The AIPN applies packet switching and its constant growth gives room to higher efficiency and low cost Pankaj Sharma, The 5G network technology involves a user terminal and this is a very important feature in the emerging architecture and a good amount of Radio Access Technologies RAT Manasa H R, In the 5th generation mobile network architecture all mobile portable systems that are IP Internet Protocol based including Portable mobile devices, personal computers, mobile banking, amongst others are allocated Cloud Computing Resources CCR Eissa, et al. Cloud computing is a system for a mobile on demand computing resources, that is to say users can access computer and personal resources from anywhere in the world without having to be with your personal computer all you need is just an internet connection.

The core is a collection of nanotechnology, radio and cloud computing, and all of these is centred on an all IP framework. In order to successfully organise complicated multiple layer and multiple networks and also to attain in built flexibility Nokia, The next generation 5G networks will be a programmable and software centred and will be managed independently from the other Nokia, The 5G technology will be focused on user experience thus will be built around potential users.

The future networks will be smart and independently improve its efficiency, smart networks will run on big data analytics and artificial intelligence to tackle complicated productivity tasks in real-time and in an obvious way Nokia, With an increased level of knowledge which is ever more closer to the network user and the capability to analyse large number of information network levels can be monitored and improved Nokia, This network technology will involve the complete use of free software technologies industry accordance and a high level of agreement between IT professionals.

However, organisations like the 3GPP and the ESTI will further assist to develop the best standards for the 5G network architecture and also assist to make sure that the 5G air interface and the associated applications are interoperable Nokia, Furthermore, due to the ever increasing high of acceptance of the wireless network architecture 5G in various areas, the difficulties and the kind of wireless systems that are related to them are also evolving. These multiple requirements are expanding the length of the current network technologies.

Super core is centered on the IP framework Pankaj Sharma, The idea of super core is going to remove all linked demands and complications that mobile network service providers face presently Pankaj Sharma, Furthermore, the amount of network operations involved with the end to end connection, this will lead to a reduced latency Pankaj Sharma, The issue of spectrum crunch with the 3G network and 4G would be tackled not forgetting the issue of licensing.

Although, it is still being introduced it is already Phased out as there has been a drastic increase in the amount of broadband users annually across the globe which has led to the rapid growth in mobile data traffic Cisco White Paper. These above mentioned issues are causing more pressure on the mobile service providers who are faced with the issue of the steady rise in demand for higher spectral efficiency, higher rates of data, increased network capacity, and ubiquitous network mobility with the introduction of new applications BOJKOVIC, et al.

Alternately, 4G networks have gotten to the limit of data rate and thus is insufficient to carry the load of the present day wireless network demand. Thus a new age of mobile wireless communication, which is know as the fifth generation 5G network becomes more and more likely to emerge A. Osseiran, The main vision of 5G wireless network is to attain up to times more device connection, lower end-to-end latency of about 5ms, while improving the spectral and energy efficiency and also to aid the vision of the future Internet.

In , the European commission supported some research in projects like the Mobile and Wireless Communications Enablers for information society to enable the research and development of the 5G network architecture International Telecommunications Union, It is said that 5G mobile wireless network is expected to be implemented commercially in Ramnarayan, et al.

Hossain, Highly sophisticated smartphones and personal computers are becoming popular in recent times thus demanding advanced multimedia capabilities, this has amounted in an escalation of wireless mobile devices and services.

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Furthermore, the telecommunication industry has witnessed an increased in the amount of unlicensed spectrum being used by mobile wireless devices Time Warner Cable, Technologies like high speed 4K videos streaming, Constant Online Gaming, smart watches, smart homes sensors health monitors internet TV and cloud computing just to mention a few NGMN, The rapid increase of smart devices, introduction of new applications, together with an exponential growth in wireless communication data, the demand and use of wireless network is creating a notable stress on the already existing cellular wireless network 4G.

The idea of the 5G network is to connect the entire world and attain seamless communication between anybody, anything, anywhere anytime and anyhow this means that 5G network would be able to aid communications for special areas unsupported by 4G Mishra, In order to successfully utilize the limited spectrum, mobile operators would need to create and deploy techniques that encourage a more recognized approach of reduce, reuse and recycle Dan Hays, et al.

The rapid increase in wireless broadband usage has been a cause for concern in the telecommunication industry. For decades, wireless spectrum was considered an abundant resource, it was shared amongst private and public wireless users, it was licensed and was made available at no cost. It was distributed by the telecommunication regulatory bodies and also by governments CTIA. Studies conducted by the Federal Communications Commission FCC show that wireless broadband is used by more than million smart devices and smartphone users for almost everyday to day activity from watching movies to playing online video games, staying up to date with the latest news and trends, and sending messages across various messaging platforms CTIA.

However new technology is constantly emerging thus new used cases. A study conduction by Deloitte suggests that applications like mobile health care mHealth and automotive telematics are set to emerge. By , roughly 90 percent of vehicles will be connected to the internet Deloitte, Furthermore, it is believed that a continued exploration in the wireless technology solely relies on having enough spectrum and making use of that spectrum very efficiently.

This is seen in the result of a research conducted by Wallsten, this shows that the spectrum license prices have rapidly increased in the past five years, suggesting that the need for wireless network services has developed further than the high rate in which spectrum is used. As stated by the International telecommunications Union, wireless spectrum spans from 8.

The list of electromagnetic spectrum includes high frequency Gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolent light, Visible light, Microwaves, and low frequency radio waves. Furthermore, wireless spectrum is broken down into various minor sections which are known as bands. The International Telecommunication Union broke down the various spectrum into bands each of them with a specialized use. These articles were studied and fully understood before embarking on the project.

Below are analysis and some detailed information on the future communication trends for and beyond. With the introduction of 5G it is expected that information will be a click away and every object will be connected thus the internet of things IoT Nokia, Recent technological breakthroughs are represented by the arrival of smartphones and tablets. They will have critical part in wellbeing, security, security, and social life applications, and additionally controlling home appliances, vehicles and different machines. It empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by sustainable business models.

The limits amongst individual and organisational use of gadgets will obscure. Oganisations will search for answers for location security and protection challenges connected with this hybrid kind of usage NGMN, For enterprises, mobility will be one of the primary drivers for expanded efficiency.

In the following decades, enterprises will progressively make their particular applications accessible on cell phones. The multiplication of cloud-based administrations will empower application versatility over numerous devices and areas and will offer more opportunities for enterprises. In the meantime, this forces difficulties to enterprises that must be accurately managed e.

The next phase of mobile communication is to prepare and computerize commercial ventures and industry functions. Several billions of smart gadgets will make use of their installed communication capacities and coordinated sensors to follow up on their local surroundings and use remote triggers based on intelligent logic.

These devices are different in terms of requirements with regards to their abilities, power usage and cost NGMN, The internet of things will likewise have an extensive variety of necessities on networking, for example, reliability, security, performance, latency, throughput, amongst others. The development of new services for vertical commercial enterprises e. In numerous business sectors today, network operators have started to establish partnerships in organizations with the purported over-the-top OTT players to convey bundled administrations to end users or clients.

OTT players will move to convey increasingly applications that require higher quality, lower latency, and other a range of other network improving abilities e. These progressions will empower the improvement of an exceedingly adaptable infrastructure that permits cost-effective advancement of networks and related services and additionally expanded pace of development Lazaropoulos, Administrators will keep building up their own services, and also grow their business reach through partnerships for both the infrastructure and also the application development phase CTIA.

A worldwide plan of action for the development of mobile administrators' services will incorporate the advancement of current services and also the rise of new ones Dan Hays, et al. Presently the most widely recognized services offered by mobile administrators are point-to-point individual correspondence and best effort data services, for example, Web services Kumar1, et al.

These services will be improved both in quality and in capability. Personal communication will entail very high quality of IP multimedia and sound together with a better group communication for a start. On the other hand, Data services will be empowered by numerous coordinated access technologies which will be common and will be portrayed by performance consistency Zhu, Videos and social media activities will dominate majority of data traffic. New services will develop for developing and new market portions, for example, mechanized commercial enterprises and smart user environment.

Public safety and mission intensive services. Numerous different administrations will be produced by utilizing capacities, for example, big data, nearness, geo-community services and numerous others Zhu, However, not all used cases need the same performance and functions, 5G ought to move away from a solid configuration taking into account the most stringent requirement, as this will be excessively costly Nokia, In this manner, 5G ought to incorporate by design built-in flexibility and scalability of its capabilities, to give room to a wide range of used cases and to enhance innovation through different business models IEEE Network, For that reason, 5G would be a polymorphic network enabled by a wide range of new and improved radio access technologies, end to end control and a more flexibly deployed network functionality IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

Today and in 2020

Furthermore, these are the proposed technological improvements which are to be feature in the 5G wireless network for the and beyond in terms of wireless architecture. Cellular designs always depend on unquestionable role of cells as an important unit in the radio access network Mishra, Under such a design proposed, a device gets services by building up a downlink and an uplink network connection, conveying both control and data traffic, with the base station controlling the cell where the device is found NGMN, In the course of the most recent couple of years, distinctive patterns have been indicating an interruption of this cell-driven structure NGMN, The base station density is expanding quickly, driven by the ascent of heterogeneous systems.

While heterogeneous systems were standardized in 4G, the architecture was certainly not intended to support them W. Chin, et al. Network densification could require some real changes in 5G. The setting up of base stations with immensely diverse transmission abilities and areas of coverage, for example, requires a decoupling of downlink also, uplink in a way that permits the relating data to flow through various arrangements of nodes IEEE Network, The need for additional spectrum range will unavoidably prompt the concurrence of frequency bands with profoundly distinctive propagation attributes in the same framework.

In this context, proposes the idea of a phantom cell where the data and control planes are isolated: the control data is sent by high-power hubs at microwave frequencies, though the payload information is passed on by low-control hubs at mmWave frequencies Time Warner Cable, Hardware assets in a pool, for example, could be progressively allotted to various hubs relying upon measurements laid out by the network administrator Muniyal, The use of more and more smart devices could affect the radio access networks.

Specifically, both Device to Device and smart catching calls could lead to an architectural redefinition. In view of these patterns, the 5G vision is that the cell-driven engineering ought to develop into a device driven one. This is to say that, the set of network nodes giving connectivity to a particular device and the functions of these nodes in a specific communication session should be customized to that particular device and session W.

While the requirement for a disruptive change in the architectural design seems clear, major research endeavors are still expected to change the resulting vision into a reasonable and coherent suggestion. Since the historical backdrop of developments demonstrates that structural changes are regularly the drivers of major technological discontinuities, it is believed that the technologies discussed might have a noteworthy impact on the improvement and deployment of 5G Manasa H R, As the mobile wireless traffic users need grow significantly, makes the 3 GHz spectrum band more populated with network traffic.

Introduction to Digital Mobile Communication, 2nd Edition

While a good amount of which are in the GHz range still are under used, in order to improve the throughput there should be a bandwidth expansion W. Furthermore, there are already Millimeter-wave mmWave systems that can attain multiple gigabit data speed at a distance of about a few Kilometers.

After critical analysis of network propagation attributes, a conclusion was reached that the Millimeter wave innovation have the capacity to produce the much needed bandwidth for the mobile broadband applications that would be used by wireless network users in the and beyond Era Z. Khan,, According to T. Rappaport, mmWave frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz are critically researched upon to get an understanding of their propagation attributes in various scenarios, thus setting the path for their use in the 5G network Architecture T.

Rappaport, Large number of bandwidth, very minute wavelengths which gives rise to a significant number of receivers in a given location are some of the main characteristics of mmWave technology BOJKOVIC, et al. In contrary, the main problems that will be faced by the mmWave technology are signal absorption and obstruction by objects in the environment, large loss of path associated with non-line-of-sight propagation and low power of transmission by current receivers. Signal strength can be tackled by making use of big receivers operated by smart beams W.

To make sure that good network signal coverage, mmWave Base stations should be designed with high density rather than macro-cellular Base Station T. Generally, about the same site-to-site distance as microcell or pico-cell implementation in a urban area is recommended for mmWave technology. Transmission is dependent upon narrow beams, which reduces the interference of nearby mmWave Base Stations and broaden the connection range. This permits significant cover of scope among neighboring Base Stations Z.

Wireless Communications for Everybody

Image Source: Advances in Circuits, Systems, Signal Processing and Telecommunications Unlike cell frameworks that segment the geographic territory into cells with every cell served by one or a Base Station, the mmWave Base Station's structure a framework with an expansive number of nodes to which a User's Equipment can connect T. The mmWave network gets rid of the issue of poor connection quality at the cell edge that is present in cell framework and empowers high caliber level with equal level of service irrespective of the location of the User's Equipment C-X.

Wang, With the high density of mmWave Base Stations, the expense to link each Base Station through a wired framework can be very high F. One answer for alleviate the expense and assist the deployment is to permit some mmWave Base stations to connect with the backhaul through other mmWave Base Stations Lazaropoulos, The ideal activity of the law of large numbers smoothens out frequency dependency in the channel and, together, enormous increases in spectral efficiency can be accomplished Goldsmith, At a hub level, it is a scalable innovation.

Further break down of sectors is not possible due to the fact that there is restricted space for massive directive antennas, there is an unavoidable angle spread of the propagation; thus, single-client MIMO is compelled by the set number of antennas that can fit in certain cell phones E. Larsson, Conversely, there is no restriction on the number of base station antennas in Massive MIMO provided that time-division duplexing is utilized to empower channel estimation through uplink pilots A.

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