The Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the Fourth Book of Ezra

The Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the Fourth Book of Ezra

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This fact seems to point to Octavianus and the line of the Caesars; but thus the line of " twelve" leads to no plausible conclusion.

If it is supposed to close with Trajan Licke, 1st ed. If, again, the "three heads" represent the three Flavii, then "the twelve" must be composed of the nine Caesars Jul. Caesar-Vitellius and the three pretenders, Piso, Vindex, and Nymphidius Gfrorer , who could scarcely have been brought within the range of a Jewish Apocalypse.

Volkmar proposes a new interpretation, by which two wings are to represent one king, and argues that this symbol was chosen in order to conceal better from strange eyes the revelation of the seer. The twelve wings thus represent the six Caesars Caesar — Nero ; the eight "counter-feathers," the usurping emperors Galba, Otho,Vitellus, and Nerva; and the three heads the three Flavii. This hypothesis offers many striking coincidences with the text, but at the same time it is directly opposed to the form of interpretation given by Ezra , regnabunt Van der Vlis and Liicke, in his later edition, regard the twelve kings as only generally symbolic of the Roman power; and while they identify the three heads!

All is evidently as yet vague and uncertain, and will probably remain so till some clearer light can be thrown upon Jewish thought and history during the critical period B. In tone and character, the Apocalypse of Ezra offers a striking contrast to that of Enoch q. Triumphant anticipations are overshadowed by gloomy forebodings of the destiny of the world.

Future blessedness is reserved only for "a very few" ; , 3, ; The great question is, "not how the ungodly shall be punished, but how the righteous shall be saved, for whom the world is created" The "woes of Messiah" are described with a terrible minuteness which approaches the despairing traditions of the Talmud 5; sq. Then shall follow the resurrection and the judgment, "the end of this time and the beginning of immortality" In other points the doctrine of the book offers curious approximations to that of Paul, as the imagery does to that of the Apocalypse e. The relation of "the first Adam" to his sinful posterity, and the operation of the law sq.

Unity and Original Language. This version was used by Ambrose, and, like the other parts of the Vetus Latina, is probably older than the time of Tertullian.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ezra, Fourth Book of

It is published in Walton's Polyglot, volume 4. An Arabic text was discovered by Mr. Gregory, about the middle of the 17th century, in two Bodleian MSS. Fabricius added the various readings of the Arabic text to his edition of the Latin in Cod. Latine Angliceque reddita, Oxon. The three versions were all made directly from a Greek text. A clear trace of a Greek text occurs in the Epistle of Barnabas c.

The next witness to the Greek text is Clement of Alexandria, who expressly quotes the book as the work of "the prophet Ezra" Strom. A question, however, has been raised whether the Greek text was not itself a translation from the Hebrew Bretschneider, in Henke's Mus. Lucke 1. This conclusion is farther strengthened by its internal character, which points to Egypt as the place of its composition.

The idea of a Hebrew original has now been pretty generally given up by scholars, despite the positive assertion of Galatinus De Arcanis Catholice Veritatis that a copy of it was reported to exist among the Jews at Constantinople in his day, and it is commonly believed that it was written in Greek. Although the Greek is lost, yet there can be no doubt that the Old Latin version, through which alone this book has been known to us till lately, was a translation from that language.

This is evident from the fact that it imitates the Greek idiom in making the adjective in the comparative degree govern a genitive case, and not, as in Latin, an ablative, and introduces other Gracisms, which are barbarous, in the version comp. This is, moreover, corroborated by the Arabic and Ethiopic versions, as well as the quotation from this book in the fathers see below, sect. It is, however, equally certain that many of the things contained in this book are of Palestinian origin, and are still to be found in Hebrew or Aramaic dispersed through the Talmud and Midrashim.

The common Latin text, which is followed in the English version, contains two important interpolations chapter 1, 2; 15, 16 which are not found in the Arabic and Ethiopic versions, and are separated from the genuine Apocalypse in the best Latin MSS. Both of these passages are evidently of Christian origin: they contain traces of the use of the Christian Scriptures e.

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Thus, in the opening chapter, Ezra is commanded to reprove the people of Israel for their continual rebellions , in consequence of which God threatens to cast them off 32 , and to "give their houses to a people that shall come. The offer is rejected , and the heathen are called. Then Ezra sees "the Son of God" standing in the midst of a great multitude "wearing crowns and bearing palms in their hands" in token of their victorious confession of the truth.

The last two chapters 15, 16 are different in character.

They contain a stern prophecy of the woes which shall come upon Egypt, Babylon, Aria, and Syria, and upon the whole earth, with an exhortation to the chosen to guard their faith in the midst of all the trials with which they shall be visited? Lucke, page sq. Another smaller interpolation occurs in the Latin version in , where filius meus Jesus answers to "My Messiah" in the Ethiopic, and to " My Son Messiah" in the Arabic comp.

Lucke, page , n. More Details Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.

The Soul After Death or The Missing Fragment of II Esdras.

Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Rating details. All Languages. More filters. Sort order. Regina L. Wilson marked it as to-read May 02, In his Messias Judaeorum , pp. Till only Ewald believed that 4 Ezra was written originally in Hebrew.

Vorarbeiten , vi. The same mistranslation is found in the Vulgate in Hosea iv. Testaments , ii. Another interesting case is found in xiv. Latin Version. A splendid edition of this version based on MSS.

The Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the Fourth Book of Ezra

This edition has taken account of all the important MSS. Syriac Version. Two years later this scholar edited the Syriac text, op. This translation needs revision and correction. Ethiopic Version. Arabic Versions. Armenian Version. Venice, Georgian Version. Conybeare an accurate Georgian version made from the Greek exists in an 11th-century MS. Relation of the above Versions. The remaining versions are paraphrastic and less accurate, and are guilty of additions and omissions.

All the versions, save the Second Arabic one, go back to the same Greek version. The Second Arabic version presupposes a second Greek version. Modern Versions.

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Similarly, all the German versions are behindhand, except the excellent version of Gunkel in Apok. They are: 1 iii. These deal with 1 religious problems and speculations and 2 eschatological questions.

The first three are devoted to the discussion of religious problems affecting in the main the individual. The presuppositions underlying these are in many cases the same as those in the Pauline Epistles. The next three visions are principally concerned with eschatological problems which relate to the nation.

This has no organic connexion with what precedes. First Vision. When Ezra asks when the end will be and what are the signs of it, the angel answers that the end is at hand and enumerates the signs of it.

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