Fortune (Vol. 156, No. 4, August 2007)

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There was little likelihood that the whales were feeding because subsequent zooplankton sampling failed to capture bowhead whale prey. Example of observed behavior and relative distribution of three individual bowhead whales A-C inside the bay in Kingnait Fiord Whale A is resting close to shore with its head out of the water, B is on its back with pectoral flippers extended, and C is breaking the surface of the water in the distance.

Irregularities in bowhead whale skin condition were observed from animals visiting the bay. Photographs taken of two whales before they reached the bay revealed large pieces of loose epidermis. Animals also presented mottled skin consisting of light gray irregular patches on their heads near the blowholes and on their backs Fig 6.

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Furthermore, histological analysis of a sample of loose epidermis from one whale obtained using a crossbow and biopsy dart was consistent with molting. These documented skin irregularities were similar to the histology of biopsy and opportunistic skin collected from bowhead whales in the Okhotsk Sea [ 18 ], and provide support that molting occurs during summer based on the timing of collection and histological properties of our bowhead samples [ 21 ].

Example of sloughing epidermis A located behind the blowholes of a bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus and mottled skin B found near the blowholes. While simultaneously filming this rubbing behavior, we made boat-based observations of whales rolling onto their sides with pectoral flippers extended out of the water similar to our prior observations during summer The whales were seen rubbing their chins, head, back and sides on a cluster of boulders and had mottled skin with what appeared to be long superficial scratches that ran lengthwise and widthwise along their bodies e.

This rubbing behavior was consistent with previous observations and supported our hypothesis that bowhead whales engage in exfoliation activities during the summer in Cumberland Sound. We presume that rubbing activities caused the linear markings. One animal was observed rock rubbing for a minimum of 8 minutes based on aerial imagery S1 Movie.

Animal A pictured rubbing the right side of its head on a boulder S1 Movie and animal D is using the rocks to exfoliate its chin. Evidence of prior rock-rubbing is apparent for animal C with long, thin lines running length and width-wise across the body. Recent Inuit observations of bowhead whales with molting skin during summer were made near Clyde River nearest community to Isabella Bay [ 27 ]. Whales were also observed circling around a large rock off the coast of Clyde River [ 27 ], and were hypothesized to use the rocks for resting purposes [ 24 ].

However, the association between EC-WG bowhead whales with molting skin and their physical environment suggests otherwise. The whaling data provide further evidence that they have engaged in rock-rubbing behavior off the coast of Baffin Island for at least hundreds of years. Our analysis of high-resolution images from the sUAS indicates pervasive molting for individuals occupying Cumberland Sound during summer.

Overall, image quality was sufficient to assess molting extent and type for We found that molting was extensive for We also found that Over half As a consequence, our estimate of the proportion Overall, we measured body lengths for 16 unique whales ranging from 6. Age-class was broadly inferred based on previous studies [ 23 , 28 , 29 ] that found calves i. We used the threshold of 13 m for assigning individuals adult status.

Of the animals measured, none were calves based on the morphological differences between calves and yearlings [ 26 ]. However, we did observe one small yearling measuring 6. Overall, our measurements of total body length demonstrated that both juvenile and adult animals occupied Cumberland Sound, and that all animals had sloughing skin. The total body length represents the straight-line distance calculated between the tip of the snout to the fluke notch. Although we were unable to quantify the proportion of time allocated to molting activities, whales were routinely observed, during daylight hours, resting in addition to actively rubbing against the rocks suggesting that individuals allocate considerable time to these two activities.

On numerous occasions, our sUAS deployments documented molting individuals resting in nearshore waters where rock rubbing was previously observed. Molting is energetically costly for pinniped species that elevate their resting metabolism while increasing blood flow to the epidermis and generating new hair [ 32 — 35 ]. Seals and sea lions have behavioral adaptations to partially offset the metabolic costs associated with molting, such as increasing the time spent on land i.

Similarly, bowhead whales may adjust their daily activity costs by increasing the proportion of time spent resting. This may be simultaneously beneficial as warmer water may expedite the molting process [ 4 ] and taking refuge in shallow, protected bays may mitigate predation from killer whales. Unlike seals and sea lions that reportedly experience thermoregulatory benefits by hauling out while molting, bowhead whales may overheat while molting in warmer water because they are too well-insulated bowheads have the thickest blubber of any marine mammal, ranging from 20—35 cm [ 36 — 40 ] and have small surface area to volume ratios that favor retention of metabolic heat.

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Consequently, bowheads may have to use vascular adaptations to dissipate excess heat while rock rubbing in the warmer, coastal waters. One way for bowhead whales to dump excess heat may be to use their intraoral thermoregulatory organ located in the root of the tongue i. They could effectively use this organ by slightly opening their mouths to permit cooling seawater to enter their mouth and flow over the retial vessels in the tongue and the palate rete. We observed several bowhead whales in the aerial images with their mouths slightly agape S1 Image near rock rubbing areas i.

While it is possible that they were feeding, prior prey sampling in similar shallow habitats in Kingnait Fiord found very few zooplankton and their baleen was not visibly extended. It therefore seems more plausible that the whales opened their mouths to cool themselves because they were thermally stressed in the warmer, shallow rock-rubbing habitat while actively swimming during exfoliation activities.

They may have thus regulated their body temperature by exchanging heat from enlarged blood vessels in their tongues and palates with the comparatively cooler seawater [ 36 — 41 ]. There are biological factors affecting skin condition that may explain why bowhead whales molt. One is that they may slough their skin to shed ectoparasites such as cyamids i.

Another possibility is that bowhead whales are shedding solar damaged skin [ 45 ]. Annual replacement of skin may reduce the risk of extended exposure to ultraviolet radiation during summer in high-latitude habitats [ 46 ], and may be particularly important for long-lived species such as bowhead whales because skin damage accumulates with age [ 47 ]. Regularly sloughing skin damaged by the accumulation of parasites, diatoms and solar radiation may thus allow bowhead whales to maintain epidermal function and integrity over time. Overall, our observation of skin irregularities e.

In Cumberland Sound, molting occurred in shallow, warm coastal areas that had low-salinity surface waters characteristic of sub-Arctic fiords , and appeared to be facilitated by rubbing on large rocks. The elevated water temperature in rock-rubbing habitat may stimulate epidermal growth [ 11 , 48 ], whereby increased water temperature elevates skin temperature and enhances the rate of cutaneous metabolic processes [ 11 ].

Furthermore, increased ambient temperatures promotes cutaneous blood flow, bringing nutrients and hormones e. Such habitat is comparable to areas where beluga whales rub on rocky substrate in estuaries [ 24 , 25 ], and where bowheads belonging to the Okhotsk Sea population were observed molting [ 11 , 15 , 48 ].

Our findings lend support to previous hypotheses that molting is facilitated by pronounced changes in oceanographic conditions such as water temperature [ 18 ], and suggest that rock-rubbing behavior is used to facilitate the molting process through exfoliation. Additional research needs to address questions regarding the seasonality of the molt i. This individual A was observed with three other individuals that subsequently engaged in rubbing behavior Fig 6.

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We are grateful for the logistical support provided by our community partners, Ricky and Peter Kilabuk, who were responsible for vessel operations. Histological analysis of sloughing bowhead whale epidermis was graciously conducted by Stephen Raverty. This manuscript was improved by the helpful comments and edits provided by Julie Mocklin and an anonymous reviewer.

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Abstract Bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus have a nearly circumpolar distribution, and occasionally occupy warmer shallow coastal areas during summertime that may facilitate molting. Introduction The skin epidermis and hair keratinized epidermal cells of marine mammals are specially adapted for life in an aquatic environment. Download: PPT.

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Fig 1. Results and discussion Observations Unusual behaviors of bowhead whales in shallow coastal-waters were first noted on 21 August in Kingnait Fiord when 8—10 bowhead whales were observed frequently rolling onto their sides and backs and lifting their pectoral flippers out of the water Fig 4. Fig 5. Large boulders located in the shallow bay where the bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus aggregated in Kingnait Fiord, NU, during and where prey samples were subsequently collected. Fig 7. Example of four bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus with mottled skin rubbing their bodies against boulders in Brown Harbour on 7 August Aerial image analysis.

Fig 9. Energetic implications of molting. Biological significance of molting. Conclusions Overall, our observation of skin irregularities e. Supporting information. S1 Movie. S1 Data.

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S1 Image. Example of a bowhead whale with mouth slightly agape near Brown Harbour during August References 1. The Anatomical Record — Journal of Mammalogy — View Article Google Scholar 3. Canadian Journal of Zoology — View Article Google Scholar 4. Boily P Theoretical heat flux in water and habitat selection of phocid seals and beluga whales during the annual molt. Computing Science: Reinventing the Computer. Computing Science: Machine Politics. Computing Science: Digital Diffraction.

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