The European Health Report 2002 (WHO Regional Publications, European)
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In addition, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative promotes early and continuous contact between mothers and infants after birth to ensure quality of care and optimal nutritional support. It is addressed at countries in the Region experiencing high levels of infant and child mortality due in large part to communicable diseases.
In addition, the strategy promotes the continued healthy development of children. Mother-to-child transmission is the overwhelming cause of HIV infection in young children. The number of children born to HIV-infected mothers in eastern Europe has increased with the increasing rates of HIV infection among young women. For example, up to the end of some infants had been born to HIV-infected mothers in Ukraine. Effective and affordable means exist for preventing HIV transmission from mother to child, but they are not yet available in all countries of the Region.
In response to these needs, a regional interagency task force on mother-to-child transmission has been created. Within the framework of the First Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy for the WHO European Region, special attention is being paid to the promotion of healthy nutrition of infants and young children, including the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six month of life. Feeding guidelines for infants and young children have been developed for the countries in the Region, emphasizing the scientific rationale for the development of national nutrition and feeding recommendations.
The European Health Report 2002 (WHO Regional Publications, European)
By promoting these guidelines, health systems can help to ensure healthy nutrition for young children. Child abuse and neglect are major issues of human rights and public health.
The European health report (WHO regional publications. European series ; No. 97). giuliettasprint.konfer.eu status indicators giuliettasprint.konfer.eution studies 3. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 97 , vi + pages. ISBN 92 6. CHF Order no. “Matching services to new.
Abuse and neglect have an impact not only on the physical and psychological wellbeing of children but also on their development, leaving such children socially excluded and less equipped to deal with life. These issues were discussed in depth at the First Meeting on Strategies for Child 51 Protection,34 convened by the Regional Office in to examine the implications of child abuse and the needs for protection from the viewpoint of the health sector. The conclusions and recommendations of the Meeting constitute guidelines for intervention in this area for policy-makers and health providers in the Region.
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Children are more susceptible than adults to the effects of environmental health threats and therefore require special protection. The Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, held in London in , proposed specific action to address the public health problems of injuries, environmental tobacco smoke, asthma and emerging threats.
Member States should take action in partnership with international organizations, NGOs and other relevant parties. Adolescent health The leading cause of mortality among adolescents is accidents. Rates of mortality due to external causes in the age group 5—19 years have decreased in most European countries, but seem to be levelling off at around 28—29 per population in the NIS.
Teenage pregnancy rates in most countries of western Europe are between 13 and 25 per girls aged 15—19 years, with extreme highs of around 50 in the United Kingdom. In certain countries, increases in pregnancies have been observed in girls as young as 12 and 13 years. Unwanted and unplanned pregnancies can lead to dangerous abortions, with serious health consequences for adolescent girls. New York, United Nations, The world leaders agreed that it was important that the messages from the Stockholm Consultation be taken to other international forums, such as the United Nations Special Session on Children in New York in May Investing in child and adolescent health was a means of reducing poverty and of addressing other conditions that threaten economic development and peace.
For a variety of reasons, young people are at increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections STI.
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Numbers of live births and induced abortions per 0 20 40 60 80 females aged 15—19 years, latest Induced abortions Number Live births 53 available data structures for adolescents, provide affordable contraceptives, and develop school curricula and other information strategies on sexual and reproductive health. In view of the STI epidemic and the rise in HIV infection in the eastern parts of the Region, a WHO-coordinated interagency task force is promoting strategies for safe sexual behaviour, including the increased use of condoms.
Of particular concern was the increasing number of long-term unemployed. The maximum and minimum reported national values slightly increased from 15 and 0. However, Member States and international organizations all have different and often long-standing traditions of health information collection and reporting, often based on very different mandates enshrined in their respective constitutions. Ten questions on the causes and consequences of obesity: stress hormones. Making our societies more dementia-inclusive PL4. In , 40 countries in the Region had proportions higher than this critical threshold, similar to the findings reported in the European health report for
Experts and political leaders discussed strategies to reach the poorest and the youngest. These included oral rehydration therapy, childhood immunization, effective treatments against pneumonia, malaria and other deadly childhood diseases, iodized salt and vitamin A supplements, and progress in promoting breastfeeding and improved infant feeding practices. The increasing prevalence of depressive conditions in young people, especially in societies in transition, is an urgent problem.
Existing successful programmes to combat mental illness should be disseminated, focusing on detection, intervention and monitoring of depressive conditions in childhood and adolescence. There is evidence that adolescents are experimenting with alcohol at younger ages and are increasingly engaging in high-risk behaviour, such as binge drinking and 54 mixing alcohol with illicit drugs.
One in four deaths among adolescents is due to alcohol, and in the Region as a whole some 55 adolescents die annually in connection with alcohol consumption. The alcohol industry is trying to infiltrate the adolescent market through advertising, by developing products targeted at adolescents and by sponsoring events particularly attractive to young people.
Over the last decade, smoking among adolescents in Europe has increased. Large multinational companies, with marketing strategies that often associate smoking with an affluent lifestyle, dominate the tobacco industry. One of the most dramatic consequences of the increase in the use of illicit drugs is the rapid spread of HIV among adolescents.
Socalled harm reduction strategies have reduced the spread of HIV among drug users in western European countries. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are increasing in the European Region. The major problems associated with child obesity are its persistence into adult life and its association with an increased risk of disease in later life.
Another important consequence of obesity is poor self-esteem and body image. Prevention of overweight and obesity can best be achieved through reducing the intake of fat, alcohol and energy-dense foods and increasing physical activity.
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There is growing evidence that leaving school early is associated with health risks such as early pregnancy, unhealthy behaviour and social exclusion. There is a need to focus on developing research into the problem and its causes, on innovative extramural education programmes, on outreach schemes, and on a mixture of educational methodologies such as peer education. Schools provide an educational experience, not only through the curriculum in the classroom but also through the total environment created in the school, both physical and psychosocial. The evidence showing that there is a close correlation between good health and good education lies at the heart of the healthpromoting school initiative.
In health-promoting school programmes, all the components of school life are addressed in relation to their capacity to promote health. Successful health-promoting schools are able to influence the health attitudes, values and behaviour of children and adolescents. Health-promoting school programmes influence the way teachers teach in the classroom, the relationships schools develop with parents and the community, the social atmosphere in the school, student participation in decision-making, and the way schools are managed.
Schools that incorporate skills education and interactive methods to encourage learning are successful in creating a health-promoting educational environment. The processes of integrating skills, competencies, knowledge and understanding of health are not easy for schools to institute. This is an intersectoral initiative for promoting the health of children and adolescents within schools, using internationally understood concepts and approaches and assisting Member States to build capacity, set standards, draw up guidelines and advocate for the development of health in schools.
There have been advances in research on reproductive health, perinatal health, and screening for breast and cervical cancer, but an in-depth analysis of gender in relation to the health sector has never been undertaken. Socioeconomic transition in the eastern part of the Region has resulted in previous improvements in the health of women being lost. War and conflict in many countries has further threatened the health of women Fig. Certain infectious diseases affect women disproportionately. Women may transmit infections such as hepatitis, HIV, rubella or toxoplasmosis to their unborn children.
Childbirth itself is a time of risk of infection for both mother and child. Pregnancy can affect the immune system of women, making them more susceptible to other infectious diseases such as malaria. Recommendations regarding malaria prevention should be specific for pregnant women. Many countries arrange for the immunization of girls against rubella before they reach puberty.
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While the exposure of women to STI is also determined by male sexual behaviour, and safe sex practices help to protect women and men alike, the means for women to protect themselves through barrier contraception are not readily available in most of the CCEE and NIS. Integrating related services into reproductive health care is an essential step in protecting women, men and children. Cardiovascular diseases have become a major cause of premature mortality in women throughout the Region Fig.
Some chronic diseases affect mainly women, for example rheumatoid arthritis and other auto-immune diseases. Greater female longevity requires strategies for both prolonging active life and providing Life expectancy years long-term care for people with impaired functioning and chronic diseases, as relatively little has been done to introduce public health strategies for the Fig.
Cancers of the reproductive organs contribute considerably to female mortality, and the burden of disease overall. Systematic breast-cancer screening programmes can lead to early detection and treatment and thus reduce avoidable mortality Fig. Again, populationbased screening programmes have reduced mortality from cervical cancer.
In particular, the etiological link to the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus means that an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer should be expected in countries with epidemics of STI. Gender-based violence constitutes a particular public health problem. Women and children are most at risk from men known to them husbands, fathers, partners, etc.
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Much of this violence is underreported, yet its consequences for health and development are profound. Migrants and refugee women are particularly vulnerable. The problem of family violence is being increasingly addressed by new or revised legislation throughout Europe. A life-course approach should therefore be applied, as set out in various international recommendations.
This does not include the proportion of the burden of disease explained by cancers, HIV infection and STI or the burden of disability explained by long-term complications of pregnancy and childbirth, or surgical interventions performed without access to the appropriate recommended technology and essential drugs.