Coastal Ocean Observing Systems
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This manual describes the wide range of electromechanical, electrochemical and electro-optical transducers at the heart of current field-deployable ocean observing instruments.
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Their modes of operation, precision and accuracy are discussed in detail. Observing platforms ranging from the traditional to the most recently developed are described, as are the challenges of integrating instrument suits to individual platforms. Technical approaches are discussed to address environmental constraints on instrument and platform operation such as power sources, corrosion, biofouling and mechanical abrasion.
Particular attention is also given to data generated by the networks of observing platforms that are typically integrated into value-added data visualization products, including numerical simulations or models. Readers will learn about acceptable data formats and representative model products. The last section of the book is devoted to the challenges of planning, deploying and maintaining coastal ocean observing systems.
Abstract. Coastal ocean observing systems (COOS) play a vital role in advancing our understanding of continental shelf and estuarine oceanographic conditions. Coastal Ocean Observing Systems provides state-of-the-art scientific and technological knowledge in coastal ocean observing systems, along with guidance on.
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Free Preview. Buy eBook. For the purposes of this chapter, employees of Federal agencies may participate in the functions of the regional information coordination entities. The Administrator shall establish or designate a System advisory committee, which shall provide advice as may be requested by the Administrator or the Interagency Ocean Observing Committee.
The purpose of the System advisory committee is to advise the Administrator and the Interagency Ocean Observing Committee on—. A administration, operation, management, and maintenance of the System, including integration of Federal and non-Federal assets and data management and communication aspects of the System, and fulfillment of the purposes set forth in section of this title ;.
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B expansion and periodic modernization and upgrade of technology components of the System;. C identification of end-user communities, their needs for information provided by the System, and the System's effectiveness in disseminating information to end-user communities and the general public; and.
The System advisory committee shall be composed of members appointed by the Administrator. Members shall be qualified by education, training, and experience to evaluate scientific and technical information related to the design, operation, maintenance, or use of the System, or use of data products provided through the System. Members shall be appointed for 3-year terms, renewable once.
A vacancy appointment shall be for the remainder of the unexpired term of the vacancy, and an individual so appointed may subsequently be appointed for 2 full 3-year terms if the remainder of the unexpired term is less than 1 year. The Administrator shall designate a chairperson from among the members of the System advisory committee. Members of the System advisory committee shall be appointed as special Government employees for purposes of section a of title The System advisory committee shall report to the Administrator and the Interagency Ocean Observing Committee, as appropriate.
The Administrator shall provide administrative support to the System advisory committee. The System advisory committee shall meet at least once each year, and at other times at the call of the Administrator, the Interagency Ocean Observing Committee, or the chairperson. Members of the System advisory committee shall not be compensated for service on that Committee, but may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5. For purposes of determining liability arising from the dissemination and use of observation data gathered pursuant to this section, any non-Federal asset or regional information coordination entity incorporated into the System by contract, lease, grant, or cooperative agreement under subsection c 3 D that is participating in the System shall be considered to be part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Any employee of such a non-Federal asset or regional information coordination entity, while operating within the scope of his or her employment in carrying out the purposes of this chapter, with respect to tort liability, is deemed to be an employee of the Federal Government. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to invalidate existing certifications, contracts, or agreements between regional information coordination entities and other elements of the System.
Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. To carry out interagency activities under this chapter, the Secretary of Commerce may execute cooperative agreements, or any other agreements, with, and receive and expend funds made available by, any State or subdivision thereof, any Federal agency, or any public or private organization, or individual.
Member Departments and agencies of the Council shall have the authority to create, support, and maintain joint centers, and to enter into and perform such contracts, leases, grants, and cooperative agreements as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter and fulfillment of the System Plan. Nothing in this chapter supersedes or limits the authority of any agency to carry out its responsibilities and missions under other laws. Not later than 2 years after March 30, , and every 2 years thereafter, the Administrator shall prepare and the President acting through the Council shall approve and transmit to the Congress a report on progress made in implementing this chapter.
The Council shall develop a policy within 6 months after March 30, , that defines processes for making decisions about the roles of the Federal Government, the States, regional information coordination entities, the academic community, and the private sector in providing to end-user communities environmental information, products, technologies, and services related to the System.
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The Council shall publish the policy in the Federal Register for public comment for a period not less than 60 days. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require changes in policy in effect on March 30, Within 1 year after March 30, , the Interagency Ocean Observation Committee, through the Administrator and the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall obtain an independent cost estimate for operations and maintenance of existing Federal assets of the System, and planned or anticipated acquisition, operation, and maintenance of new Federal assets for the System, including operation facilities, observation equipment, modeling and software, data management and communication, and other essential components.
The independent cost estimate shall be transmitted unabridged and without revision by the Administrator to Congress. It is the intent of Congress that funding provided to agencies of the Council to implement this chapter shall supplement, and not replace, existing sources of funding for other programs. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Commerce for fiscal years through such sums as are necessary to fulfill the purposes of this chapter and support activities identified in the annual coordinated System budget developed by the Interagency Ocean Observation Committee and submitted to the Congress.
The term "coastal State" has the meaning given the term "coastal state" in section of title The term "coastal waters" has the meaning given the term in such section. The term "covered data" means, with respect to a named storm identified by the Administrator under subsection b 2 A , empirical data that are—. B necessary to determine magnitude and timing of wind speeds, rainfall, the barometric pressure, river flows, the extent, height, and timing of storm surge, topographic and bathymetric data, and other measures required to accurately model and assess damage from such storm.
The term "indeterminate loss" has the meaning given the term in section a of title The term "named storm" means any organized weather system with a defined surface circulation and maximum winds of at least 39 miles per hour which the National Hurricane Center of the United States National Weather Service names as a tropical storm or a hurricane. The term "Named Storm Event Model" means the official meteorological and oceanographic computerized model, developed by the Administrator under subsection b 1 A , which utilizes covered data to replicate the magnitude, timing, and spatial variations of winds, rainfall, and storm surges associated with named storms that threaten any portion of a coastal State.
The term "participant" means a Federal, State, or private entity that chooses to cooperate with the Administrator in carrying out the provisions of this section by collecting, contributing, and maintaining covered data. The term "post-storm assessment" means a scientific assessment produced and certified by the Administrator to determine the magnitude, timing, and spatial variations of winds, rainfall, and storm surges associated with a specific named storm to be used in the COASTAL Formula.
Not later than days after July 6, , the Administrator shall develop by regulation the Named Storm Event Model. The Named Storm Event Model shall be designed to generate post-storm assessments, as provided in paragraph 2 , that have a degree of accuracy of not less than 90 percent for every indeterminate loss for which a post-storm assessment is utilized. Upon identification of a named storm under subparagraph A , the Administrator shall develop a post-storm assessment for such named storm using the Named Storm Event Model and covered data collected for such named storm pursuant to the protocol established under subsection c 1.
Not later than 90 days after an identification of a named storm is made under subparagraph A , the Administrator shall submit to the Secretary of Homeland Security the post-storm assessment developed for such storm under subparagraph B. The Administrator shall ensure, to the greatest extent practicable, that each post-storm assessment developed under paragraph 2 has a degree of accuracy of not less than 90 percent. For each post-storm assessment carried out under paragraph 2 , the Administrator shall—. A certify the degree of accuracy for such assessment, including specific reference to any segments or geographic areas for which the assessment is less than 90 percent accurate; and.
B report such certification to the Secretary of Homeland Security for the purposes of use with indeterminate loss claims under section of title A certification of the degree of accuracy of a post-storm assessment under this subsection by the Administrator shall be final and shall not be subject to judicial review. The Administrator shall make available to the public the Named Storm Event Model and any post-storm assessment developed under this subsection. Not later than days after July 6, , the Administrator shall establish a protocol, based on the plan submitted under subsection d 3 , to collect and assemble all covered data required by the Administrator to produce post-storm assessments required by subsection b , including assembling data collected by participants and stored in the database established under subsection f and from such other sources as the Administrator considers appropriate.
If the Administrator is unable to use a public or private asset to obtain covered data as part of the protocol established under paragraph 1 , the Administrator may acquire such sensors and structures for the placement of sensors as may be necessary to obtain such data. If the protocol requires placement of a sensor to develop assessments pursuant to subsection b , the Administrator shall, to the extent practicable, use Federal assets for the placement of such sensors.
If the Administrator acquires a structure for the placement of a sensor for purposes of such protocol, the Administrator shall to the extent practical permit other public and private entities to place sensors on such structure to collect—. The Administrator may receive consideration for the placement of a sensor on a structure under subparagraph A. Consideration received under subparagraph B may be received in-kind. To the extent practicable, consideration received under subparagraph B shall be used for the maintenance of sensors used to collect covered data. The Administrator shall, in consultation with the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, coordinate the deployment of sensors as part of the protocol established under paragraph 1 and related data collection carried out by Federal, State, academic, and private entities who choose to cooperate with the Administrator in carrying out this subsection.
The Administrator shall give priority in the acquisition for and deployment of sensors under the protocol required by paragraph 1 to areas of coastal States that have the highest risk of being harmed by named storms. Not later than days after July 6, , the Administrator shall, in consultation with the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology—. A carry out a survey to identify all Federal and State efforts and systems that are capable of collecting covered data; and.
B consult with private and academic sector entities to identify domestic private and academic systems that are capable of collecting covered data. The Administrator shall, in consultation with the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology and individuals and entities consulted under subsection e 3 , assess the systems identified under paragraph 1 and identify which systems meet the needs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the collection of covered data, including with respect to the accuracy requirement for post-storm assessment under subsection b 3.