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Additionally, space charge effects may cause instabilities and associated beam loss. Typically the Poisson equation is solved at intervals during the tracking using Particle-in-cell algorithms.
Space charge effects lessen at higher energies so at higher energies the space charge effects may be modeled using simpler algorithms that are computationally much faster than the algorithms used at lower energies. Codes that handle low energy space charge effects include:.
At higher energies, space charge effects include Touschek scattering and coherent synchrotron radiation CSR. Codes that handle higher energy space charge include:.
For particle accelerators — among the largest and most complex instruments of science — these tools have become indispensable. Kinetic energy of all particles—protons red, carbon green and electrons blue —in a 3D simulation of a laser ion accelerator model. More information Privacy policy. Start your free 30 days. You can be assured our editors closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions. In Donald W.
An important class of collective effects may be summarized in terms of the beams response to an " impedance ". An important job is thus the computation of this impedance for the machine. Codes for this computation include.
To control the charged particle beam, appropriate electric and magnetic fields must be created. There are software packages to help in the design and understanding of the magnets, RF cavities, and other elements that create these fields. Codes include.
Given the variety of modelling tasks, there is not one common data format that has developed. For describing the layout of an accelerator and the corresponding elements, one uses a so-called "lattice file". There have been numerous attempts at unifying the lattice file formats used in different codes. Through simulation and modeling, designers can maximize performance, look for hidden trouble spots, and explore new ideas.
For particle accelerators — among the largest and most complex instruments of science — these tools have become indispensable. Our approach is based on deep collaboration among physicists, applied mathematicians, and computer scientists — a synergy of LBNL strengths. The results benefit a wide variety of fields extending across much of the DOE Office of Science research portfolio and beyond.
The reader is also introduced to programs that perform calculations of three-dimensional linear and nonlinear problems, along with programs that employ matrix formalism and integration of equations of motion. This monograph will be a useful resource for physical scientists, engineers, and computer programmers. We are always looking for ways to improve customer experience on Elsevier.
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Authors: John Colonias. Imprint: Academic Press. Published Date: 28th January Page Count: