Economic and Social Geography. Made Simple

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Two main approaches can be observed Gabas and Losch, , p. Alongside the core of countries described above, this approach includes a second circle of emerging countries with less economical and political power like Chile and Turkey , and a third circle of vulnerable countries that have had hazardous and sometimes downwards trajectories Argentina, Indonesia , as well as countries on the verge of emergence like Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, but also Egypt or the Maghreb 3. The category of BRIC itself remains fluid and is the object of serious power plays.

So far, economic growth and development, reflected for instance by the HDI, had appeared as good indicators of emergence. How can a country be called emerging if its level of human development is receding?

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Nevertheless, using this category must not lead us to essentialising it: this would be paradoxical for a notion that refers to deep, fast and multidimensional changes. In the social sciences, criteria proposed by economists prevail. According to C. China's GDP was for instance multiplied by 5.

Finally, various authors emphasize the relative institutional stability in so-called emerging countries. Emergence is connected to insertion within global systems — which implies the adoption of new norms — and the active role of efficient states, able to consolidate economic growth by setting up operational market regulation bodies.

Economic And Social Geography Made Simple

Many authors highlight the shift in powers associated to emergence: the status of emerging countries is consolidated, starting from their economic power, to the point where they become important players on the international scene Milani, Emergence therefore points to a reversal in a world that is becoming truly multipolar, and to the end of Western hegemony. Some of them came together in to form the BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa , a political club aimed at joining up their actions, with a strong will to have a diplomatic influence on a world order which they feel they are excluded from.

Finally, as was to be expected, emerging countries are starting to develop their military power to secure their independence and other countries' respect — in particular India and China Giblin, China has an ambiguous status amongst the BRICS countries: it is perceived simultaneously by Western countries as an associate power, and by Southern countries as a respected leader; the country has all it takes to become the second hyper-power within the next ten years Chambon, Emergence is visible in China's and to a lesser extent India's aggressive implantation on the African continent, in the country's diplomatic pressure on Northern countries as exemplified by South Africa's lobbying to obtain a permanent seat as a representative of the African continent at the UN Security Council or in growing investments into those countries through sovereign funds, and finally in strong tensions on the agricultural and energetic markets.

Although the controversial term of transition demographic, urban, political, epidemiological Societies in emerging countries are affected by deep transformations, with a global improvement of the standard of living and education, and an intensification of movement — of people, goods, information, ideologies Emergence can therefore be seen as a multidimensional phenomenon: it would be reductive to only account for it in terms of economy or international relations when the changes are of a social nature Bret, ; Houssay-Holzschuch, The major changes brought about by emergence mean that the social field is very dramatically restructured.

The exponential development of an educated middle class — although this term remains vague — is one of the most striking facts of the last decade.

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This middle class tends to consume according to the same models as Northern countries, or aspire to those models. They send their children to University, travel and are open to the outside world Bret, The car and the mall are the archetypes of those new modes of consumption cf.

Erkip, , on Turkey , whose transmission is supported by the development of new channels of communication Internet, TV In addition, the increasing importance of the middle classes is correlated by fast-growing social polarisation: the reconfiguration of the labour market has considerably accentuated disparities in terms of access to employment, income and working conditions.

Although the emergence process does have the potential to create jobs, unemployment remains important in many emerging countries Bret, , as does the informal sector Roy, ; Schneider et al. Latin America, and Brazil in particular, is the most affected, but inequalities have also grown in most Asian countries in the last ten years: in China, the Gini coefficient rose from 0,3 in the late s to 0,45 in As for the rise of consumer society, it contributes to social inequality by creating frustration, as manifested by the desire for a new way of life and access to leisure Berry-Chikhaoui et al.

This again is connected to the very process of emergence, which often happens in a partial and fragmented way. Emergence produces inequalities on every geographical scale Brett, In India as in Mexico, China or Brazil, strong national territorial inequalities are accentuated by the emergence process.

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Emergence actually develops unevenly, depending on a favourable local context development of a fabric of local businesses, growth of the middle class, presence of a creditworthy market, etc. Bret, Globalisation generates a considerable growth in all types of exchanges and movement. In addition to the inequalities within the North and South — there is some South in the North and some North in the South — North-South movements are complemented by South-North flows migratory flows, cultural influence, etc.

This has an impact on territoriality, and almost always creates economies of scale Amin, , together with the displacement and relocation of populations within different spatialities Inda and Rosaldo, : emerging countries are major platforms for those complex and interwoven processes.

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They export labour, both highly qualified and unqualified Varrel, , often through temporary circular migration, but also take in migrants from the surrounding area. Cash back coupons can be redeemed anytime during the year.

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