The Design and Implementation of Geographic Information Systems

Geographic Information Systems Services

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Job openings advertised on the Careers Portal will be removed at p. New York time on the deadline date. Your email has been successfully sent. Sorry, this job opening is no longer available. The pilot study step consists of a reduced version of the entire methodology, where a physical product is generated, usually consisting of a simplified database and some commercial GIS software package acquired for evaluation purposes. The users evaluate the pilot system and reassess their needs and requirements.

Feedback mechanisms and the implementation of the pilot system are key means to ensure that the requirements are correct and the ultimately implemented system is appropriate. The Marble and Wilcox methodology, however, lacks an explicit education process. As stated earlier, the users cannot accurately assess their needs unless they are acquainted with the technology and understand its concepts.

An initial step that consists of training and education is essential for an accurate definition of requirements. The pilot system will also provide a significant amount of education for the users as they interact with the system. Marble and Wilcox strongly encourage broad organizational participation and illustrate this in a diagram see Figure 2. By emphasizing the participation of many participants, Marble and Wilcox also address the communication requirement.

The iterative discovery requirement is only partially addressed by Marble and Wilcox. There is no significant feedback mechanism back to requirements definition; however, an optional pilot study is included. This pilot study, if required and made a more prominent component of the methodology, would yield a better definition of requirements. The requirements of effective group work environments and education are not explicitly addressed in this methodology. Peuquet and Bacastow Peuquet and Bacastow recognize the problems that linear waterfall models present in GIS development and propose the use of prototyping as the preferred alternative.

Prototyping not only increases the accuracy of requirements definition, but also increases support and morale within the organization. This methodology is predominantly concerned with the issue of iterative discovery and refinement. They note the following:. Another significant benefit of the prototyping model is its responsiveness to change. Prototyping encourages and accommodates change as an inherent part of the process Peuquet and Bacastow , p.

Changes in user requirements and other factors during the design process are inevitable. A methodology that acknowledges this fact and accommodates change produces a superior product. Linear models do not accommodate change. Other GIS design methodologies exist, some of which are geared toward very specific applications.

This methodology describes a generalized model with specific procedures and activities describing each step. The methodology has a linear appearance but has a step for the production of a pilot or benchmark system, similar to the Marble and Wilcox methodology. This pilot step is advantageous, although this methodology, like the Marble and Wilcox methodology, does not allow for the reevaluation and change of user requirements. Although education does not show up as a formal step in the methodology diagram, the procedures of this methodology call for the project participants to attend introductory GIS seminars and workshops and other means of acquiring GIS knowledge Becker et al.

This education step should be explicitly denoted in the design diagram as an indication of its importance. As discussed earlier, education at the start of the process is critical to successful requirements definition. Another note in the methodology procedure is that the order of the steps in the methodology is not important, but rather that the steps are accomplished, in the authors' words, "one way or another" Becker et al. The loose structure of the Local Government GIS Development Guides allows the design and implementation process to wander and leads to poor decisions due to a lack of proper preparation.

This is particularly likely given the technical and organizational complexity of GIS projects. This is therefore a highly risky means of proceeding. Part of the reason for using a design methodology to guide a GIS project is to avoid an unstructured, wandering project. The structure of a methodology is just as important as its steps to help move projects toward a successful completion.

First, this lesson was an overview of the historic and foundational aspects of implementing a spatial system. Tomlinson's discussion is of importance since so many organizations focus only on the technical parts of implementing a computer system, and in the process don't really get the whole organizational picture of what is unique about spatial system and waste a great deal of time and money.

A main theme through this lesson is that spatial system design is a team sport..

Second, the lesson introduced the role of systems analyst along with other stakeholders in the context of systems analysis and design. These layers become the basis for distributed spatial systems which partitions or distributes various aspects of each of the first three layers data, process, and interface across the fourth layer networks.

Open-Source web-based geographical information system for health exposure assessment

Lesson 7: Foundations of Geospatial System Development As an introduction, this lesson includes the history and key concepts of the systems framework approach. Lesson Learning Objectives: Describe what constitutes a system. Describe who the key stakeholders of the system are. Describe the principles for systems development. Describe how to categorize the major problems, opportunities, and directives when undertaking a systems development project.

Define the major phases of a development effort. Describe the major development processes of geospatial systems analysis and design. Checklist To finish this lesson, you must complete the activities listed below. You are in the Lesson 7 online content now. The Overview page is previous to this page, and you are on the Checklist page right now. Scanning is used for such purposes as finding the answer to a particular question.

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Skim: To skim, read a page by reading the headings and first sentences of each paragraph or section. Read: The purpose of this style is to understand the concepts and arguments that the text contains and it should be preceded by the Skim reading style.

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You are in the Lesson 6 online content now. Tomlinson's Methodology: The first design methodology specifically for GIS Introduction This following page presents a historic summary number of methodologies created specifically for use in the design and implementation of Geographic Information Systems. Marble and Wilcox Methodology: Looking Toward Software Engineering Practice Marble and Wilcox developed a methodology that combines the Calkins methodology with concepts from software engineering and stresses the importance of involving all levels of an organization in the design process Marble and Wilcox Selects cartographic reference materials, such as ortho and oblique imagery, historical and government maps, and related data, for use in map production.

Data Capture

Performs related work as required. Ability to manipulate imagery as required. Completion of a bachelor's degree program at an accredited college or university with major course work in geography, urban planning, spatial analytics , geographic information systems, computer science, management information systems, engineering, landscape architecture which has included coursework in GIS , or a related degree.

One year of project management experience directing Geographic Information System activities involving professional-level experience in design, development, implementation and administration of geographic information systems, including analysis, database development and integration. Any equivalent combination of education and experience determined to be acceptable by the Office of Human Resources, which has included the completion of a bachelor's degree and the specific experience described above.

NOTE : Completion of a post baccalaureate certification program in Geographic Information Systems at an accredited college or university or a master's degree program at an accredited college or university with major course work in geography, urban planning, geographic information systems, computer science, management information systems, engineering, spatial analytics, landscape architecture which has included coursework in GIS, or other related degree can equate for one year of the general experience requirement.

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