Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage

Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage

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It was to be a hollow shell of a marriage. A lengthy period of separation began in with Russell's affair with Lady Ottoline Morrell , [] and he and Alys finally divorced in to enable Russell to remarry. During his years of separation from Alys, Russell had passionate and often simultaneous affairs with a number of women, including Morrell and the actress Lady Constance Malleson. Russell began his published work in with German Social Democracy , a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory.

In he taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics. He now started an intensive study of the foundations of mathematics at Trinity. The Italians had responded to Georg Cantor , making a science of set theory ; they gave Russell their literature including the Formulario mathematico.

Russell was impressed by the precision of Peano's arguments at the Congress, read the literature upon returning to England, and came upon Russell's paradox. In he published The Principles of Mathematics , a work on foundations of mathematics. It advanced a thesis of logicism , that mathematics and logic are one and the same. At the age of 29, in February , Russell underwent what he called a "sort of mystic illumination", after witnessing Whitehead 's wife's acute suffering in an angina attack.

In he wrote the essay " On Denoting ", which was published in the philosophical journal Mind.

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This, along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics , soon made Russell world-famous in his field. In he became a University of Cambridge lecturer at Trinity College where he studied. He was considered for a Fellowship, which would give him a vote in the college government and protect him from being fired for his opinions, but was passed over because he was "anti-clerical", essentially because he was agnostic.

He was approached by the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein , who became his PhD student. Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic.

He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein's various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair. This was often a drain on Russell's energy, but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in Wittgenstein was, at that time, serving in the Austrian Army and subsequently spent nine months in an Italian prisoner of war camp at the end of the conflict. During World War I, Russell was one of the few people to engage in active pacifist activities.

Russell and Moore the Analytical Heritage

In , because of his lack of a Fellowship, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act Russell played a significant part in the Leeds Convention in June , a historic event which saw well over a thousand "anti-war socialists" gather; many being delegates from the Independent Labour Party and the Socialist Party, united in their pacifist beliefs and advocating a peace settlement. After the event, Russell told Lady Ottoline Morrell that, "to my surprise, when I got up to speak, I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody".

The books were bought by friends; he later treasured his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped "Confiscated by Cambridge Police".

A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the United States to enter the war on the United Kingdom's side resulted in six months' imprisonment in Brixton prison see Bertrand Russell's views on society in I found prison in many ways quite agreeable. I had no engagements, no difficult decisions to make, no fear of callers, no interruptions to my work. I read enormously; I wrote a book, "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy" Russell was reinstated to Trinity in , resigned in , was Tarner Lecturer and became a Fellow again in until In , Bertrand again gained press attention when attending a "banquet" in the House of Commons with well-known campaigners, including Arnold Lupton , who had been a Member of Parliament and had also endured imprisonment for "passive resistance to military or naval service".

In , G. Hardy wrote a page pamphlet titled Bertrand Russell and Trinity — published later as a book by Cambridge University Press with a foreword by C. Broad — in which he gave an authoritative account about Russell's dismissal from Trinity College, explaining that a reconciliation between the college and Russell had later taken place and gave details about Russell's personal life.

Hardy writes that Russell's dismissal had created a scandal since the vast majority of the Fellows of the College opposed the decision. The ensuing pressure from the Fellows induced the Council to reinstate Russell. In January , it was announced that Russell had accepted the reinstatement offer from Trinity and would begin lecturing from October. In July , Russell applied for a one year leave of absence; this was approved. He spent the year giving lectures in China and Japan. In January , it was announced by Trinity that Russell had resigned and his resignation had been accepted.

This resignation, Hardy explains, was completely voluntary and was not the result of another altercation. The reason for the resignation, according to Hardy, was that Russell was going through a tumultuous time in his personal life with a divorce and subsequent remarriage.

Russell contemplated asking Trinity for another one-year leave of absence but decided against it, since this would have been an "unusual application" and the situation had the potential to snowball into another controversy. In , Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the Tarner Lectures on the Philosophy of the Sciences; these would later be the basis for one of Russell's best received books according to Hardy: The Analysis of Matter , published in I wish to make it plain that Russell himself is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for the writing of the pamphlet I wrote it without his knowledge and, when I sent him the typescript and asked for his permission to print it, I suggested that, unless it contained misstatement of fact, he should make no comment on it.

He agreed to this In August , Russell travelled to Soviet Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the Russian Revolution.

In his autobiography, he mentions that he found Lenin disappointing, sensing an "impish cruelty" in him and comparing him to "an opinionated professor". He cruised down the Volga on a steamship. His experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for the revolution. He subsequently wrote a book, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism , [] about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others from the UK, all of whom came home thinking well of the Soviet regime, despite Russell's attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them that he had heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure that these were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring.

Russell's lover Dora Black , a British author, feminist and socialist campaigner, visited Soviet Russia independently at the same time; in contrast to his reaction, she was enthusiastic about the Bolshevik revolution. The following autumn, Russell, accompanied by Dora, visited Peking as it was then known in the West to lecture on philosophy for a year.

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Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists". Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September Russell supported his family during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics , ethics, and education to the layman.

From to the Russells divided their time between London and Cornwall , spending summers in Porthcurno. The school was run from a succession of different locations, including its original premises at the Russells' residence, Telegraph House, near Harting , West Sussex. On 8 July Dora gave birth to her third child Harriet Ruth. After he left the school in , Dora continued it until In Fox's words: " Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry.

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On 18 January , Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia "Peter" Spence , who had been his children's governess since Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell , 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democrat party. Russell returned to the London School of Economics to lecture on the science of power in During the s, Russell became a close friend and collaborator of V.

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Russell opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany. In he wrote in a personal letter: "If the Germans succeed in sending an invading army to England we should do best to treat them as visitors, give them quarters and invite the commander and chief to dine with the prime minister. He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy.

In , he adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare: "War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils. The matter was however taken to the New York Supreme Court by Jean Kay who was afraid that her daughter would be harmed by the appointment, though her daughter was not a student at CCNY. Russell soon joined the Barnes Foundation , lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy; these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy.

His relationship with the eccentric Albert C. Barnes soon soured, and he returned to the UK in to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College. Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC , particularly The Brains Trust and the Third Programme , on various topical and philosophical subjects.

By this time Russell was world-famous outside academic circles, frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to one of his lectures in Trondheim , Russell was one of 24 survivors among a total of 43 passengers of an aeroplane crash in Hommelvik in October He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane. In Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism , capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles, in an inquiry on dialectical materialism , launched by the Austrian artist and philosopher Wolfgang Paalen in his journal DYN , saying "I think the metaphysics of both Hegel and Marx plain nonsense — Marx's claim to be 'science' is no more justified than Mary Baker Eddy 's.

This does not mean that I am opposed to socialism.

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In , Russell expressed support for Zionism : "I have come gradually to see that, in a dangerous and largely hostile world, it is essential to Jews to have some country which is theirs, some region where they are not suspected aliens, some state which embodies what is distinctive in their culture". In a speech in , Russell said that if the USSR 's aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atom bombs on both sides.

Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR, including Nigel Lawson , who was present when Russell spoke of such matters. Others, including Griffin, who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe. In September , one week after the USSR tested its first A-bomb, but before this became known, Russell wrote that USSR would be unable to develop nuclear weapons because following Stalin's purges only science based on Marxist principles would be practiced in the Soviet Union.

His series of six broadcasts, titled Authority and the Individual , [] explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He wrote a foreword to Words and Things by Ernest Gellner , which was highly critical of the later thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and of ordinary language philosophy. Gilbert Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind , which caused Russell to respond via The Times. The result was a month-long correspondence in The Times between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy, which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy.

In Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy.

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