Intoxication: The Universal Drive for Mind-Altering Substances
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Strategic Studies Institute
Table of Contents Excerpt Rave and Reviews. About The Book. Chapter 10 The Fourth Drive Motivation for Intoxication The dynamics of the fourth drive are best illustrated by the history of cocaine. In the second half of the nineteenth century a widely held belief in Western medicine was that most physical and mental diseases were caused by brain exhaustion and the best way to cure these conditions was to wake up the brain with a stimulating coca tonic.
Physicians, pharmacists, and chemists recommended daily doses of coca extracts or wines that delivered the same amount of cocaine as obtained from chewing coca leaves.
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While intensified dosage patterns were normally prescribed, abuse was held in check by the highly diluted preparations. Other patterns of use were encouraged by the commercial marketing of coca products. Coca was promoted as a wonder drug not only for medicine but also for social and recreational purposes. To make it more attractive, an assortment of coca preparations were sold, including tonics, gum, cigarettes, and soft drinks. Coca-Cola, originally promoted as a brain tonic for the elderly, was made with a coca extract.
It reportedly contained slightly less than 60 milligrams of cocaine per eight-ounce serving, the amount found in a modern intranasal dose.
Ronald K. Siegel
By the end of the nineteenth century, the tonics were much more potent; cocaine had been recently isolated from the leaf, and the manufacturers substituted it for the coca extracts. Whereas coca products were treated as roughly equivalent to the chewing of the leaves, cocaine was advertised as two hundred times stronger. And it was. Just as the chimps on North and South Island had discovered, coca was not cocaine, and the golden age of coca medicine was in for some lackluster years.
Physicians started increasing the daily dosages to as much as 1, milligrams, a lethal dose for most people if taken into the body all at once. The increased doses of cocaine were further complicated by the popularity of the highly efficient intranasal and injection routes of administration.
Intoxicated elephants decimate much property and the lives of different animals. Muddled monkeys disregard their young and meander for the well being of the troop.
People are the same. As indicated by Italian ethnobotanist Giorgio Samorini, in his Animals and Psychedelics, the hazard is justified, despite all the trouble since inebriation advances what clinician Edward de Bono once called horizontal speculation critical thinking through aberrant and imaginative methodologies. Sidelong believing is conceiving of brand new ideas, without which a species would be not able thought of new answers for old issues, without which a species would be not able survive.
It implies that the substances previously identified only as 'dangerous' are united in their medical and pharmacological nature as well as by their legal status. The costs of leading a hectic, stressful and chaotic life can be as equally damaging to the physical organism as mindful living is healing. A scientific and cultural exploration of the pursuit of altered states of consciousness in both humans and animals. New Scientist November 13, The intoxication instinct From alcohol and cannabis to cocaine and LSD, it seems there are no limits to our appetite for mind-altering substances. Geoffrey Hunt Vibeke Asmussen Frank.
Much the same as us, animals take particular medications for particular purposes. Among the Navajo, the bear is an adored for showing them about Osha, a root powerful against stomach agonies and microorganisms contaminations. Wild carrot, as we gained from winged animals, repulses bugs. Steeds in torment will chase for willow stems since that is the place ibuprofen originates from. In the Gombe National Forest in Tanzania, chimps with a stomach related inconveniences gulp down sunflower takes off.
At the point when Michael Huffman, from Kyoto University in Japan, investigated, he discovered sunflower leaves are bushy and those hairs rub worms from stomach related tracts.
Psychedelic drugs still remain the same. Psychedelics are truly concoction protections poisons produced by plants to maintain a strategic distance from predation. Growths, among our most productive wellspring of psychedelics, developed six hundred million years prior, not fortuitously in the meantime as plant-eating animals. Herbivores may have initially ingested these psychoactive when the risk of starvation gave them no other decision, however, later on searched them out for various prizes.
The rodents have a tendency to keep away from the bigger convergences of alkaloids in the seeds. However, when exasperates by serious climate conditions, a rodent will every so often nibble on a solitary seed, then show the trademark head-jerking of inebriation. Many of the Chinese soldiers fighting to defend the empire against opium were addicted themselves. More than 10 years after the First Opium War, the successes of the Taiping Rebellion whose members touted their sobriety as a virtue may be explained in part by the nearly 90 percent addiction rate among the Chinese emperor?
Drug use among conventional forces also has roots in major 20th century conflicts.
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Cocaine use has links to World War I. The fear of cocaine abuse among British Imperial Forces was spread by the media of the time by portraying it as part of a German plan to demoralize their adversary. Discipline problems quickly rose; as one commanding officer lamented 2 years after the marijuana crackdown,? If it would get them to give up the hard stuff, I would buy all the marijuana and hashish in the Delta as a present.? While conventional forces struggled and continue to struggle with drug use among the ranks, warfare today occurs in a different context, meaning that drug consumption by combatants has differing effects that military leaders and policymakers must take into account.
Contemporary wars feature new actors employing differing tactics than conventional militaries and doing so for a variety of different goals.
Martin Van Creveld argues that war has become? Barbara Ehrenriech, too, points to a? In a similar vein, Mary Kaldor writes about? This monograph examines the reasons irregular fighters consume drugs, the types of drugs they consume, how they acquire drugs, and the effects on conflict. See, for example, Svante Cornell,? Ronald K. Parliament of Canada,? Conflict, Drugs, and Mafia Activities,? Alcohol was the preferred drug of choice among European troops during the colonial era. As American and British forces faced each other over the independence of the colonies in , both militaries included in their respective doctrines that men could not be expected to fight without their regular rations of rum.
Presaging contemporary episodes in today? The word? The assassins of the 11th century were said to have been recruited after long smoking sessions of hashish.