Cosmology for string theorists, a crash course (2002-05)
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Therefore, a new, non-destructive tomographic measurement technique for irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies has been developed. The technique includes two main steps: 1 the gamma-ray flux distribution around the assembly is recorded, and 2 the interior gamma-ray source distribution in the assembly is reconstructed.
The use of detailed gamma-ray transport calculations in the reconstruction procedure enables accurate determination of the relative rod-by-rod source distribution. To investigate the accuracy achievable, laboratory equipment has been constructed, including a fuel model with a well-known distribution of Cs.
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Furthermore, an instrument has been constructed and built for in-pool measurements on irradiated fuel assemblies at nuclear power plants. Using the laboratory equipment, a relative accuracy of 1. The measurements on irradiated fuel resulted in a repeatability of 0. The agreement between rod-by-rod data obtained in calculations using the POLCA—7 production code and measured data was 3.
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Additionally, there is a safeguards interest in the tomographic technique for verifying that no fissile material has been diverted from fuel assemblies, i. The applicability has been demonstrated in a measurement on a spent fuel assembly. Furthermore, detection of both the removal of a rod as well as the replacement with a non-active rod has been investigated in detail and quantitatively established using the laboratory equipment.
Neutral two- and three-pion productions in proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 2. An important part of the detector for the measurments was a central electromagnetic calorimeter composed of CsI crystals, which measured the photons originating from neutral pion decays. Test measurements and calibration procedures for this detector part were carried out.
An important part of the analysis was the identification of the neutral pions from the invariant mass of the decay gammas and the use of Monte Carlo simulations to understand the detector responds. The distributions show significant deviations from phase space predictions. These deviations are typical for resonance production. The central detector is composed of a mini-drift chamber consisting of straw tubes for tracking of the charged particles and a plastic scintillator barrel consisting of scintillation counters providing fast signals of the passing particles.
These two detector parts are placed inside of a superconducting solenoid providing an axial magnetic field.
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Outside of the solenoid is placed an electromagnetic calorimeter consisting of CsI crystals. The construction, calibration and performance of the plastic scintillator barrel is presented in detail. Its main purpose is the discrimination of charged and neutral particles on the trigger level. The mini-drift chamber is a detector for determination of particles momenta and reaction vertex. It is built with minimum structural material and designed to withstand high particle fluxes at a luminosity 10 32 cm -2 s The design of the mini-drift chamber, a description of the calibration procedure, its performance and integration in the data analysis are presented.
The total cross section for the non-resonant part of the reaction is estimated for the first time in this energy region to be 4. The reported properties of challenge theoretical predictions and raise questions on the subsequent syntheses of the nuclei and In order to confirm this discovery, the reaction was repeated under the same conditions, and events similar to the reported ones were searched for. During our first investigation, in , we failed to observe any events to meet the criteria of the observation. Our second experiment is presented here. The current situation concerning isotope is discussed.
The ratio can be directly evaluated from measurements of the neutrons emitted before and after fission from the excited compound nucleus and the fission fragments, respectively. An investigation on the survival probabilities of Rf and Rf against fission is described. The results of a similar earlier study on the isotopes No and No are also presented. Medical X-ray imaging is an important tool in diagnostic radiology.
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The ionising-radiation dose to the patient is justified by the clinical benefit of the examination. Nonetheless, detectors that operate at even lower doses and provide more information to the radiologist are desired. A hybrid pixel detector has the potential to provide a leap in detector technology as it incorporates a more advanced signal-processing capability than currently used detectors. It consists of a readout chip and a semiconductor sensor.
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The division in two parts makes it possible to optimise each part individually. DIXI has the ability to count single photons and every readout pixel has two embedded counters to allow the acquisition of two images close in time. A discriminator enables the selection of photons with energies above a preset threshold level. The readout chip Angie has been developed and its performance has been evaluated in terms of noise, threshold variation and capability to perform energy weighted counting.
Silicon sensors have been fabricated, and a control system for DIXI has been designed and built.
A simulation library for the DIXI detector has been set up and results on the image quality are reported for different exposures and working conditions. A theoretical model for hybrid pixel detectors based on the cascaded linear system theory has been developed. The model can be used to investigate and optimise the detector for different detector configurations and operating conditions. The development of digital detectors for X-ray imaging in medical diagnostics receives an increasing amount of attention.
The detector under development at the Department of Radiation Sciences at Uppsala University is a hybrid pixel detector, which consists of a semiconductor sensor mounted onto a readout chip. The readout chip is capable of performing photon counting and has an externally adjustable threshold.
Pontin, D. As far as I can disern, the only way you can fly an aircraft at a few hundred miles an hour into anything as small as a building is to program in it's GPS co-ordinates into the flight control system. Can CMB data constrain the inflationary field range? R symmetry in minimal supersymmetry standard model and beyond with several consequences - Lazarides, George et al. The growth of activity in experimental physics anticipated in RAE has therefore taken place, and the Department now supports a balanced programme of international-quality research.
A simulation tool for the detector and a model applying the linear-systems transfer theory to X-ray hybrid pixel detectors have been developed. Also a characterization of the readout chip has been done. In order to estimate the potential of the detector for diagnostic radiology, we investigate the image quality using the spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency DQE.
By means of the detector simulations, the influence of threshold setting, noise sources, level of exposure and charge sharing on the DQE have been studied. By means of the linear-systems theory, a single analytical expression is provided to obtain the DQE of a hybrid pixel detector. The method developed in this thesis will make it possible to optimize a detector design according to a particular medical application.
It will also permit modifications and new features to be included without having to construct a full detector system. A beam of A MeV 17 O ions was scattered from argon and xenon targets. The large excess of fast neutrons compared with statistical model calculations that was observed earlier for xenon, was confirmed and found for argon as well. Analysis and calculations show that a considerable fraction of these neutrons can be interpreted as coming from direct knock-out reactions.
The angular distributions do not support the suggestion of using fast heavy ion scattering as a probe for the study of the neutron skin in nuclei. While the basic idea that a heavy projectile tends to sample the neutron wave function near the surface of the nucleus is sound, the measured neutron distribution is not as distinct as suggested by the previous experiment. This makes it difficult to distinguish direct reactions from other channels, such as semi-direct decay of giant resonances.
The improvements in the experimental methods have made the concept of using the CELSIUS storage and cooler ring as an internal magnetic spectrometer attractive for other of experiments presently being prepared. This work describes methods for signal and background separation and the statistical analysis of the final data sample. In particular, the multivariate method Support Vector Machines has been applied to achieve good background rejection while at the same time retaining high signal efficiency.
A grid search covering the complete northern hemisphere revealed no statistical significant excess of events over the expected background from mis-reconstructed cosmic ray induced muons and muons induced by atmospheric neutrinos.
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Thus, no cosmic point sources of neutrinos have been detected. Upper limits on the neutrino flux for each cell of the grid are presented. Twenty potential sources of neutrinos chosen among three classes of astronomical objects Blazars, Super Nova Remnants and Microquasars have been preselected. Upper Limits on the flux of cosmic neutrinos from those are presented.
The presence of systematic uncertainties makes the calculation of confidence limits an intricate problem. A method is presented which makes it possible to include these uncertainties into the frequentist construction of confidence intervals. Statistical properties of the presented method have been studied. The Standard Model of particle physics has been very successful in predicting a wide range of phenomena and has so far been confirmed by all existing data to a very high precision.
The work described in this thesis tests the limits of validity of the Standard Model SM in two areas believed to be sensitive to deviations from the theory: the observation of unpredicted particles and CP violation. As a first study in ATLAS a Monte Carlo analysis of two-tau final states, which are sensitive to the underlying structure of supersymmetric models, was performed. Several extensions of the SM predict the existence of a charged Higgs boson. As a separate study a Monte Carlo analysis was performed in ATLAS, which shows that the systematic uncertainty is half the attainable statistical uncertainty.
Trigger strategies for events containing taus were designed. Quantum chromodynamics and colour singlet exchange in high energy interactions. Quantum chromodynamics QCD is the fundamental theory in elementary particle physics that describes the strong interaction in terms of exchanges of force-carrying, colour -charged particles known as gluons. Although well-established through experimental verifications, there are fundamental unsolved problems in the theory. In this thesis, some novel aspects of strong interaction dynamics are studied in the context of colour singlet exchange processes — interactions where complex systems of gluons with no net colour charge are exchanged.
Both perturbative and non-perturbative QCD methods are used, as well as Monte Carlo computer simulations.
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