White Generals
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Contents:
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The White Generals Richard Luckett. The Imperial Russian Army Before 2. The Abdication 3. The Army and the Provisional Government 4. The Kornilov Movement 5. The Campaign Through the Ice 7. General Mannerheim and the Finnish Victory 8. Cossacks, Germans, Czechs and Allies 9.
Denikin and the Conquest of the Kuban Northern Diversion View from the Centre Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Part 4: Failure Defeat The rumours were unfounded, but by November influential critics of the regime were asking whether Russia's misfortunes - including 1,, military dead and 5,, wounded - were a consequence of 'stupidity or treason'. This was a rabble-rousing exaggeration, but certainly the outdated strategies of Russia's General Staff had cost hundreds of thousands of lives, while the regime seemed careless of such appalling losses.
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A Provisional Government led by liberals and moderate socialists was proclaimed, and its leaders hoped now to pursue the war more effectively. Real power in Russia after the February Revolution, however, lay with the socialist leaders of the Petrograd later All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, who were elected by popular mandate unlike the ministers of the Provisional Government.
Anarchist and Bolshevik agitators played their own part in destroying the Russian Army's ability to fight. The Soviet leaders rather half-heartedly supported a defensive war, but were more committed to an unrealistic programme of ending the conflict, through a general peace 'without annexations or indemnities' — a formula that neither the Allies nor Germany would ever accept. Against this background, the war minister later Prime Minister Kerensky of the Provisional Government hoped to strengthen Russia's hand with a new Russian offensive on the Eastern Front in June.
But by then the ability of Russia's officers to induce their men to obey had been entirely negated by the hopes of social transformation and an end to the war that the February Revolution had unleashed in the trenches - leading to what historian Alan Wildman has termed 'trench bolshevism'.
Many anti-war radicals, along with the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin, were ferried home from exile in Switzerland in April , courtesy of the German General Staff which had spent roughly 30 million marks trying to foment disorder in Russia by the end of The summer offensive was a disaster. Peasant soldiers deserted en masse to join the revolution, and fraternisation with the enemy became common. Meanwhile, in an attempt to restore order and resist the German counter-offensive, most of the generals and forces of the political right threw their weight behind a plan for a military coup, under the Russian Army's commander-in-chief, General Kornilov.
The coup failed, but had two important consequences: on the one hand, the generals and the conservatives who had backed Kornilov felt betrayed by Kerensky who arrested Kornilov after having appeared to have been in agreement with him and would no longer defend the government; on the other, Kerensky's reputation with the moderate left and with the population at large plummeted when it became clear that he had initially supported Kornilov's plans for the restoration of the death penalty and for the dissolution of soldiers' revolutionary committees.
The White movement and its military arm the White Army also known as the White Guard the . Among White Army leaders, neither General Lavr Kornilov nor General Anton Denikin were monarchists, yet General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel. Pages in category "White movement generals". The following 54 pages are in this category, out of 54 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
The only winners were the Bolsheviks, with Lenin at their head, who were able to topple Kerensky and take power in the October Revolution of without significant resistance from either the government or the army. With regard to the first of these, a 'Decree on Peace' 26 October was dashed off by Lenin, calling upon all belligerents to end the slaughter of World War One.
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Not that Lenin was a pacifist: rather, his hope was to transform the world war into an international civil war, when the 'imperialist' powers refused to cease fighting and thereby revealed their rapacious ambitions. However, the Central Powers responded to the Bolsheviks' appeal by agreeing to an armistice on the Eastern Front, and Lenin's lieutenant, Trotsky, found himself in the uncomfortable position, during the winter of , of negotiating a separate peace treaty with Imperial Germany and her allies at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk.
Trotsky tried to delay matters and to inculcate revolution in central Europe by refusing the harsh terms presented to him. When Germany, however, merely resumed its invasion of Russia on the Eastern Front, pushing further east in five days of February than it had in the previous three years the German soldiers, to Trotsky's consternation, continued to obey their officers , the Bolsheviks were forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March This punitive treaty effectively handed over Finland, Poland, the Baltic provinces, Ukraine and Transcaucasia to the Central Powers, together with one-third of the old empire's population, one-third of its agricultural land and three-quarters of its industries.
Outraged by this, the anti-Bolshevik Russians who had remained loyal to the Allies now took up arms in earnest against the Bolsheviks. They were actively assisted by Allied forces in Russia, who hoped to rebuild the Eastern Front. The Reds, however, rebuffed these attacks, and survived, and by late had driven the Whites back into the Black Sea, the Baltic and the Pacific - causing hundreds of thousands of White soldiers and civilians to emigrate.
The Reds were able to take advantage of internal lines of communication and could utilise the railways, arsenals and the economy of the most populous provinces of the former empire.
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