Text Genres and Registers: The Computation of Linguistic Features
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Contents:
The first observation is that not all five of the moves, and correspondingly not all of the steps associated with these moves, are found in all tasting notes. The moves that appear only occasionally are Introductory remarks , Appearance and Concluding remarks , whereas Aroma and Taste are found in most, if not all, tasting notes in both languages. Appearance appears more often in Spanish tasting notes in This flexibility in the structure of the text reveals a certain level of informality in the register.
On the other hand, some of the tasting notes not only follow the rhetorical structure presented above or at least some of the more important moves , but also indicate them explicitly using headings such as Color , Nose , Palate in English and Color, Nariz, Boca in Spanish, although the headings do vary to some extent. The use of these headings gives a more formal structure to the tasting note.
It should be noted that a greater number of Spanish tasting notes use move headings than English notes, which could partially account for the overall impression that the English tasting notes are less formal than the Spanish ones. Finally, tasting notes in English do not always follow the rhetorical structure in strict sequence. In a number of cases, there is a back and forth between Aroma and Taste , as illustrated in Ex.
Bibliographic Information
In addition, English tasting notes seem to focus more than the Spanish ones on aspects such as price or food pairing, which we have classified as Introductory remarks or Concluding remarks , depending on where they appear in the tasting note. Overall, English tasting notes appear less organized on the textual level than the Spanish ones, which adds to the impression that they are less formal. As far as the language is concerned, the language used in Spanish tasting notes is generally neutral, as illustrated by Ex.
The language borders on formal when specialized terminology is used in the description of the wine, as in the following examples:. The tone remains objective in most of the Spanish tasting notes, although, occasionally, as in Spanish Ex. But Spanish tasting notes rarely use language as informal or subjective as do English tasting notes. While many English tasting notes use neutral language, see Appendix 2 , and while parts of many English tasting notes do the same e.
Let us use Ex.
- Account Options.
- Ocean Circulation, Second Edition.
- SAGE Books - Genres and Registers of Discourse!
- Kundrecensioner.
- Register, Genre, and Style (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics).
The repetition of incredibly for emphasis is an informal device. The metaphor light on its feet applied to wine adds to the subjectivity of the description; and the use of the imperative, addressing the reader directly, adds to the informality of the note. Our analysis clearly shows that, despite the similarity in genre, there is a difference in register between wine tasting notes in English and Spanish. Despite our having followed the same or similar criteria in English and Spanish during the process of compiling our abstracts and wine tasting notes comparable corpora, it is clear that the results are not the same.
In the case of abstracts, the Spanish and English texts resemble each other in more ways than not:. All things considered, one can claim that the genre of abstracts, which is similar in English and Spanish, shows little linguistic variation in the two language corpora, having similar register features.
This book is a description of some of the most recent advances in text classification as part of a concerted effort to achieve computer understanding of human. This book is a description of some of the most recent advances in text classification as part of a concerted effort to achieve computer.
In the case of wine tasting notes, however, the Spanish and English texts differ in several respects:. The Spanish texts follow the order of the rhetorical structure more closely than do the English texts. The Spanish texts mark the rhetorical structure by headings more often than do the English texts. The language used in Spanish texts is neutral to formal and the tone is generally objective, whereas the language used in English texts is often informal and the tone more subjective.
A simple model for recognizing core genres in the BNC - Jefrey Lijffijt & Terttu Nevalainen
Overall, there is more variation in the English texts compared to the Spanish texts. Given that both the Spanish and English tasting notes were taken from wine tasting technical sheets, the differences cannot be explained by the origins of the texts, nor by the writers of these texts, who are all oenologists hired by wineries. One explanation for the differences could be that, while Spanish wine tasting technical sheets, and correspondingly the wine tasting notes they contain, are addressed by experts to other experts, English wine tasting technical sheets, and correspondingly the wine tasting notes they contain, are addressed by experts to a broader audience, which includes the wine drinking public.
That could explain why the way information is presented and distributed varies in Spanish and English. Another possible explanation could be that the register of wine tasting notes in English is more general than the register of such notes in Spanish. Biber and Conrad point out that registers can be more or less specialized and that general registers will have more variability than more specific registers.
Indeed, the English wine tasting notes seem to have subregisters, which are not as apparent in the Spanish wine tasting notes. For example, some of the English texts use informal language and a subjective tone, but not all of them. One could argue that wine has a long history in countries such as Spain and France, where it is taken very seriously, in contrast to its relatively recent emergence as part of social and dietary behaviours in the English-speaking world. This could account for the differences in register in wine tasting notes in English and Spanish.
Our analysis of the abstracts and wine tasting notes corpora shows that the criteria for compilation of a comparable corpus proposed by McEnery and Xiao genre, proportion, domain and time work well for certain fields, but not all. Our attempt to attain greater comparability in the wine tasting notes corpus by the addition of specific text selection criteria did not fully resolve the differences between the English and Spanish texts, although they may have increased, to some extent at least, the degree of comparability.
Given the cultural factor that seems to intervene in the field of wine, perfect comparability seems impossible, no matter the care taken in the compilation of the corpus. The lack of full comparability in certain corpora has implications, in turn, for translation and translation studies. In order to understand these implications, it is first necessary to identify the role of comparable corpora in translation and translation studies. To begin with, comparable corpora allow the translator or terminologist to establish lexical equivalence for key concepts in a given field, to find equivalent collocations and fixed expressions in two languages, and to determine how each of the two languages structures a given idea.
If the comparable corpus is not fully comparable, then the lexical equivalents it might suggest or the language structures it might present will not be completely reliable and will need to be confirmed by other sources. Comparable corpora are also used to examine how different languages are used in a specific field. In this case, the fact that the corpus is not perfectly comparable is not an obstacle, as a translation researcher analyzing a corpus such as our wine tasting notes corpus should be able to identify the differences between the English and Spanish texts, as we have done.
Finally, identification of the differences in the use of language in such texts might pave the way for less source text based translation and more target text based translation.
Genre studies
Thus, even a comparable corpus that does not seem fully comparable has its uses in translation. We use the similarity of the document topics and their publication dates to align the documents in these sets. In other words, researchers are still seeking criteria for establishing good comparable corpora. The most striking characteristic of this pattern is that each section contains a unique rhetorical structure, which differs from the others, and readers of RPs and abstracts expect writers to adopt this structure.
While thirty words can be considered very little for a text, it must be remembered that many advertisements presenting verbal language, which are texts, contain even fewer words. Chujo and Masao 5 , in their attempt to understand the role of text size in determining text coverage, use texts that begin at ten words. While we realize that this can sometimes be misleading, we were unable to find a better solution. We aimed at obtaining texts representing the language of experts by going to specialized websites.
The domain of medicine was selected because we had ready access to doctors who could serve as consultants, if necessary.
Prince, But registers are also described for their situational contexts, for example whether they are produced in speech or writing, whether they are interactive, and what their primary communicative purposes are. Modeled as a triangle, activity theory considers how multiple factors subject, object, mediating artifacts, rules, and division of labor existing in an activity system environment interact to achieve an outcome. Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. Biber, Douglas, and Edward Finegan. Wyld, Henry.
Abstracts Abstract A multilingual comparable corpus is a corpus containing texts that are collected using the same sampling frame and similar balance and representativeness. Keywords: language for specific purposes, genre, comparable corpora, translation studies, pragmatics. These concepts will underlie our study of corpus comparability.
In addition to these general criteria, we added the following more specific text selection criteria: Original texts in English and Spanish. For our English subcorpus, each journal had to meet at least one of the following criteria, over and above the Medscape selection criteria: Be highly ranked according to the expert opinion of pre-eminent clinicians and researchers.
In the case of abstracts, the Spanish and English texts resemble each other in more ways than not: They closely follow the order of the rhetorical structure. The rhetorical structure is marked by headings. The language is neutral to formal and the tone is objective. In the case of wine tasting notes, however, the Spanish and English texts differ in several respects: The Spanish texts follow the order of the rhetorical structure more closely than do the English texts.
Indicate significance [CONcoutSig] 2. Interpret research results [CONcoutInt] 3.
Aijmer , Karim and Altenberg , Bengt : Introduction, papers from a symposium on text-based cross-linguistic studies. Lund studies in English Total holds: 0.
Log in to your account to post a comment. Export Cancel. Share Facebook. Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y Leyes. Du kanske gillar. Spara som favorit. Skickas inom vardagar. This book is a description of some of the most recent advances in text classification as part of a concerted effort to achieve computer understanding of human language.
In particular, it addresses state-of-the-art developments in the computation of higher-level linguistic features, ranging from etymology to grammar and syntax for the practical task of text classification according to genres, registers and subject domains.