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Their pros and cons are much debated, yet it seems difficult to deny that without them, South Africa would have a much stronger white minority profile today than it would without them. This is not to deny that they come with numerous difficulties.
This is shown by the case of Mark Lamberti, chief executive officer of Imperial Holdings. Lamberti was convicted in the High Court of impairing her dignity and ordered to pay her costs and yet to be decided damages.
Legal Control of Racial Discrimination. Concepts of Discrimination — History and Theory. Pages Preview. Indirect Discrimination — The Legal Issues. Legal Control of Racial Discrimination. Concepts of Discrimination — History and Theory. Pages Indirect Discrimination — The Legal Issues.
Lamberti has responded by insisting that he is not a racist. Equity employment is designed to promote fairness in the workplace and black upward mobility in the face of white structural privilege. But the irony is, as Chowan has so bravely highlighted , black and female candidates resent being labelled as equity employment candidates. They point out, correctly, that it is demeaning to any black or woman appointee to say that they got the job because they were black or female.
They want to be recognised as having been appointed on merit. Yet the problem is that without such goads as equity employment legislation, progress towards racial equality in the workplace would almost certainly be a lot slower.
The party has long claimed that it has become increasingly racially diverse as the governing ANC has in practice and much rhetoric withdrawn from non-racialism. Yet although the DA now has a black leader in Mmusi Maimane, there has been rising discontent among its black membership that the party is still dominated by a conservative old guard of whites.
This has led to calls for the introduction of race-based quotas, which many in the party have resisted. What should be drawn from all this?
Probably many things. But one certainty is that more humility is necessary from all those engaged in the debate. People must accept that there are no easy answers. The project of rendering South Africa more equal is one of enormous complexity, fraught with as many philosophical problems as structural and political ones. Alas, there will be more Mombergs, more Lambertis and more people seeking to revive Verwoerd and render his memory respectable.
There will be more black populism in response. Screen music and the question of originality - Miguel Mera — London, Islington. UEA Inaugural lecture: Alternative performance measures: do managers disclose them to inform us, or to mislead us? Edition: Available editions United Kingdom. Roger Southall , University of the Witwatersrand. Nonetheless, it points to a dilemma.
Constructive ambiguity Equity employment is designed to promote fairness in the workplace and black upward mobility in the face of white structural privilege. Complex problem What should be drawn from all this? You might also like Former South African president Jacob Zuma stands accused of racketeering, fraud, money laundering and corruption. The Office had set up in January a Media and Social Network Observatory to find hate speech online, report to social networks for its removal or to law enforcement for investigation and prosecution, as well as to analyse, learn and understand.
Italy was at the forefront of search and rescue activities at sea, and was making an enormous effort to assist all the migrants. Petri said that , migrants had arrived by sea between January and July , and that , were in reception centres as of August Italy had transposed the main provisions of the common European System of Asylum which contained new rules for international protection applicants. A new immigration policy on unaccompanied minors had been adopted in and Italy had set up a special unit at the Ministry of Interior. The Rapporteur remarked that the definition of racial discrimination under the Convention was broader than solely hate speech or hate crimes.
This must be reflected in the national legislation.
Furthermore, Italy had transposed the European directive on discrimination into national law, but this had not been extensively explained in the combined report, which sounded as if hate speech was the totality of the focus. There was also the effects clause which extended the reach of jurisdiction in all sorts of circumstances that de facto created a disparate negative impact on vulnerable communities. The report of Italy did not deal with this. Did the legislation which transposed the European Directive, effectively control the actions of local mayors and municipalities in how they treated the non-resident population in their municipalities, including Roma?
McDougal also addressed the issue of institutional racism, and asked for data on the degree to which each protected group enjoyed equality with regard to economic and social rights, and their participation in decision-making and political and public life. However, there were gaps in the legislation in terms of the inclusion of protected groups. Which special measures were in place to address and remedy inequalities suffered by protected groups?
In Italy, the term ethnic minority referred to some specific groups of people who were classified as linguistic minorities and who were protected under specific legislative regimes.
The Committee however used the term to refer to all people protected under the Convention under article 1. The Committee was concerned about the situation of ethno-religious groups, specifically Muslims. While the efforts to establish inter-religious dialogues were commendable, the Committee needed statistics and indicators that would reveal the realities of those communities with respect to security of person, equality in economic, social and cultural rights, and their participation in decision-making, politics and public life.
What was the exact mandate of the National Anti-Discrimination Office and how was its independence from the Government assured? Which institution that covered discrimination on all grounds had power to enforce the prohibition of discrimination on the ground? How many prosecutions for racial discrimination had there been, how many sentences, and which remedies had been offered to victims? How many lives had been changed as a result of those actions? What was being done to ensure that Roma camps, in which living conditions were shocking, were moved from the jurisdiction of mayors to national jurisdiction?
What was being done to implement recommendations made by the Working Group on people of African descent which had visited in ? How did Italy plan to tackle the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly goal 1 on poverty, goal 10 on inequality, and goal 16 on rule of law, and ensure that no one was left behind? The protection of the rights of the masses of people fleeing north African and other regions into Europe was a major international concern, and as a frontline State, Italy had a unique responsibility and burden in this regard.
More than , migrants had arrived in alone. Was detention of migrants used as a measure of last resort?
Was it a crime for irregular migrants to return to Italian soil? Could Italy comment on the slow progress in addressing the situation by the European Union? Which procedures had been triggered domestically to process migrants and how were different nationalities being dealt with? What was the legal basis for the opening of hotspots, and what procedure was in place for unaccompanied children? Which complaints mechanisms were in place in migrant detention centres? What was being done to ensure that the custody arrangements for unaccompanied migrant children were sufficient, and that they could fully access basic services, in particular education?
Which measures were being taken to raise the awareness of migrants about the Dublin Process? Was confidentiality of data of migrants fully respected by health and education authorities; were they specifically prohibited from passing the information on undocumented migrants to security services? Could the delegation inform on collective expulsion from Italy and bilateral agreements on this issue, as well as efforts to integrate migrants in the society?
GUN KUT, Committee Expert and Rapporteur on Follow-up, recognized that Italy had duly produced its follow-up report in a timely fashion, on the follow-up issues identified by the Committee, namely the setting up of the national human rights institution and on forced evictions of Roma and Sinti. Kut remarked that the national human rights institution had not been set up yet, and urged Italy to stop forced evictions. Which ethnic groups were targeted in reported incidents of racial discrimination?
What was the role of the media in this and which mechanisms were in place to address discriminatory statements by the media?
When the former slaves were counted as full persons, the former slave states gained twenty congressional seats, a twenty-five-per-cent bump. Justice White, concurring in Wygant , emphasized the harsh, direct effect of layoffs on affected non-minority employees. The Court reasoned that denial of opportunity for an adequate education would often be a denial of the opportunity to succeed in life, that separation of the races in the schools solely on the basis of race must necessarily generate feelings of inferiority in the disfavored race adversely affecting education as well as other matters, and therefore that the Equal Protection Clause was violated by such separation. It strictly prohibited the immigration of prostitutes, especially from Asia. Justice White noted that this requirement was not dependent upon a showing of past discrimination and that the states retained discretion to determine just what strength minority voters needed in electoral districts in order to assure their proportional representation. Elementary and Secondary Education Act ESEA, L schools Directed to assure equal opportunities for education to low income neighborhoods by supplementing financial resources.
The Expert was concerned about racism against Afro-Italians, citing episodes of racism against the first black government minister, black football players, and black or mixed-race children in schools. The presence of Africans in Italy was not a new phenomenon, and yet, it seemed that the society was unprepared to deal with African Italians — second or third generation immigrants or mixed-race children. How were teachers trained to deal with integration in school?
How could the content of education be used to address concerns of racial discrimination and foster greater understanding of the past? Which special measures were in place to address the historic marginalization of African descent communities and institutional racism that they suffered? Another Expert asked about measures taken to tackle human trafficking which was intimately linked with the massive migratory flows. What was the impact of the reversal of the burden of proof on a number of complaints for racial discrimination?
The delegation was asked to update the Committee on the progress it had made in setting up the national human rights institution in compliance with the Paris Principles, and the progress made on the withdrawal of reservations on article 4 of the Convention.