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The Howard government lost power in the elections however, and so revocation legislation discussions did not translate into state practice until the Liberal-National coalition retook power in , led by Tony Abbott, a senior minister in the Howard government.
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Although security legislation was enacted, citizenship revocation policy did not pass until after a major terrorist incident in December , which saw Iranian-born Man Haron Monis take 18 hostages for 16 hours in a Sydney Lindt chocolate cafe, leaving 3 dead, including Monis. Additionally, the Act applies to individuals as young as 14 years of age and provides that once citizenship is revoked, there will be no chance of re-naturalization.
According to the Act, citizenship revocation may apply to individuals who engage in an array of activities that are legally understood to be national security threats. The Act remains controversial and because it is relatively new , there is limited scholarship on the law and its immediate impacts on Australians or its implications for the Australian legal landscape. Minister Kenney stated that:. According to Minister Kenney and the Harper government, citizenship fraud was becoming endemic and required new policies, including revocation expansion.
C itself was a robust and detailed law that outlined a tiered citizenship and citizenship revocation system. By creating laws specifically designed for dual citizens, this policy has also created a tiered citizenship system in which dual citizens which are primarily immigrants and ethnic or racial minorities are subject to differentiated and inequitable laws.
While the Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act has since been amended, the sheer numbers of cases during this short legal window illustrates the precedence and lasting damage revocation policies can cause. The United Kingdom has a more robust legal precedence and practice of citizenship revocation than Australia or Canada. The ability to revoke or deprive individuals of their British citizenship, or effectively banish them from the UK without full, legal revocation, can be found in a number of legal instruments including historic and contemporary laws, [46] which include the British Nationality and Status Act of , British Nationality Act , Immigration and Asylum Act , Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act , Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act , the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act , and the Immigration Act In doing so, the UK government cemented its international and EU obligations to prevent statelessness.
The ratification of the Convention ensured that revocation powers could only be applied to those with dual citizenship. Thus, foreign-born naturalized citizens tend to be the primary target population. Following the London terrorist bombings and other high-profile cases involving dual citizens who were charged with promoting or supporting terrorist activities, the UK government again altered its citizenship policies. With the emergence of new terror threats, the Islamic State, and European migration crisis, the UK has subsequently amended its citizenship revocation laws through the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act and the Immigration Act Both laws are directly connected to growing fears of UK citizens that are foreign fighters of the Islamic State and other terrorist groups training, fighting, and returning to the UK.
Section 66 of the Immigration Act has been the most controversial aspect of the Act because of its expansion of citizenship revocation under the guidance of the Home Secretary. It is not right that a person who has acquired British citizenship — and accepted the rights, responsibilities and privileges that derive from this — can act in a way that threatens the security of the UK and retain British nationality simply because they may be left stateless as a result of deprivation.
We are changing this for a small sub-category of cases even if such action left them stateless. The heightened fear of foreign fighters, particularly in the wake of the Islamic State territorial expansion and the Paris terrorist attacks, propelled the UK government to again increase its revocation powers. The enactment of these problematic provisions highlights securitizing shifts within the UK government and population, which may have broader impacts on other Commonwealth legal systems and practices.
While historical precedence exists for revocation, particularly in relation to fraud or treason, revocation is expanding in light of growing fears and threats of transnational terrorism. Such fears and threats may be warranted, especially in countries that have witnessed horrific attacks; however, governments and citizenries alike should be cautious of using such fears and threats to alter citizenship policy.
International human rights groups, advocates, scholars, and policy-makers alike must keep a watchful eye on citizenship revocation policies and their impacts, through: 1 active monitoring of legal changes and policy implementation; 2 attention and awareness of shifts in political or legal rhetoric, specifically if security or fear of threats are conflated with citizenship or nationality; 3 critical interdisciplinary research; 4 collaboration among the aforementioned groups; 5 advocacy for minority communities inequitably impacted; 6 legislative or legal action; and 7 recognition of and advocacy for alternative policies or approaches.
Such efforts are already underway, including at the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion in The Netherlands and European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, both of which provide innovative research and some monitoring of revocation. However, substantial gaps remain within research and other potential efforts.
For me, my path into this profession is pretty clear. Related tool. The general impression These penalties were sufficiently stringent and, with regard to sex trafficking, commensurate with other serious crimes, such as rape. Providing a new perspective on migration and sex work in Europe, this book is based on interviews
Citizenship revocation, regardless of its application, is a dangerous legal tool that threatens the human rights, social cohesion, legal equality, and unconditional citizenship. Australia, Canada, and the UK among other states should rethink their citizenship revocation initiatives and how they devalue citizenship within their national communities.
While national contexts and legal systems vary, states impacted by ISIS returnees are engaging in a variety of programmatic and policy interventions aimed at mitigating potential security threats. All countries face security challenges and fears related to terrorism. At the same time, citizenship as a democratic ideal must be safeguarded, and tiered legal systems that equate dual citizens or other groups with second-class citizens must be avoided. Reconstructing citizenries through a security lens on inequitable terms may foster exclusion, expand statelessness, increase distrust of government, hinder political or civic integration of immigrants and refugees, and ultimately weaken citizenship.
By weakening citizenship, states erode democratic institutions, systems, processes, and principles, which is, in fact, the aim of terrorist groups like ISIS.
Recent programmatic interventions and policy approaches to ISIS returnees may provide sufficient alternatives to citizenship revocation for states wary of potential attacks or threats. That was the idea that inspired States in to set out on a path towards a Global Compact for Migration. Nationalism and the political salience of national identities are on the rise in contemporary Europe and beyond.
This rise is often associated with populist movements. These include populist political parties, several in position across Europe today, whose politics are characterized by isolationism and anti-immigration stances, and right-wing populist groups, characterized For me, my path into this profession is pretty clear.
I was about fourteen and a freshman in high school in the early s. A few of my friends joined the school chapter of Amnesty International, and In the north-eastern corner of Jordan, thousands of Syrians are left stranded. In the north-eastern corner of Jordan, where the country borders both Iraq and Syria, a barrier resembling a mound of earth extends across the desert. Running parallel to this barrier is a second mound of earth, this time Images of refugees using smartphones have now become common in the Western media landscape, and everybody seems to have learned that refugees and migrants, too, use smartphones.
Indicative of this awareness, European governments are now looking into how to make use of these assets in their identity checks and in Even the International Organization of Migration IOM is straying from its mission to uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. When migration issues This blog post suggests understanding refugee resettlement as an instrument of humanitarian governance from the selection of refugees to their long-term integration. The 22 July attacks, now five years ago, bore horrific testimony to what an ideology of exclusion and hatred, at the hands of one man, can do.
Whilst the terror was of such a scope that the moment called for a unified response, ideological cleavages along the Eurabia, anti-Islam, and Whilst the protection of British borders was a key ingredient in Brexit debates, the answer to what kind of a community we are talking about within those borders, remains in desperate need of addressing.
Lingering notions of cultural purity As the blessed month of Ramadan begins, many here in Mogadishu are concerned about the security situation, with talks of increased numbers of Al-Shabaab insurgents entering the city in preparation of carrying out attacks. Driving through the Makka Al Mukram road, considered to be in the safe zone, that is, Many asylum seekers who choose assisted return are from a country destroyed by war and conflict.
More than half of those who return to countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq plan to migrate again.
Assisted return is a viable type of support to assist with the return, but is not Today, one in every humans living on the planet is a refugee, an internally displaced person, or an asylum-seeker. In , conflict and persecution forced a staggering 42, persons per day to leave their homes and seek protection elsewhere, resulting in According to the The Somali conflict has affected Somali citizens inside and outside the Somali region for over 25 years.
While Somaliland and Puntland have enjoyed relative stability for more than two decades, conditions are much more fragile in south-central Somalia, and residents in many parts of the Somali region face considerable levels Insufficient preparedness for the heatwave is largely seen as the cause of deaths, yet the context The recent debate over word choice has taken turns that undermine humanitarian principles and cloud the view of how migration is unfolding. The general impression Return migration to Pakistan is diverse. Pakistan receives returnees from the Middle East, as well as from Europe and North America, which reflects broader Pakistani migration Return migration has been modest, however, even in the wake of the Citizenship and naturalization legislation in France, Norway, and the UK has changed substantially more during the s than in previous decades.
In which areas of citizenship policy have changes occurred? And how do these changes relate to the trend of reinvigorating the citizenship institution to increase social cohesion? This blog How and when is national identity and nationhood debated, and what does this reveal about the boundaries of national identity? Drawing on analyses of opinion pieces from French and British newspapers, we examine how national identity is debated, contested and challenged in light of national and international news events during Now that Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting, is ending, most Muslims — in Oslo, as elsewhere in the world — celebrate the festival of Eid.
It is a time for celebration. For many Muslims, it is also a time to help those less well-off than themselves, either through the Research collaboration across Global South-North divides is an articulated aim in many academic institutions. In this blog we point to the value added, as well as some of the challenges of such collaboration, based on our experiences from collaborative research on migration and transnationalism in Pakistan and Norway.
We are In most post-conflict contexts, returning diaspora members contribute to reconstruction efforts; including through investments in businesses. While many invest in traditional ventures, others introduce new ideas for entrepreneurship. In Somalia, diaspora businesses are visible and valued; especially for their development and peacebuilding potential.
The conflict has affected Somali citizens inside A human tragedy has been unfolding in the Bay of Bengal. Thousands of poor Rohingya and Bangladeshi refugees and job seekers have been the victims of xenophobia, cynical smugglers and incapable governance.
So far very little. Yet this crisis is exactly the kind of non-traditional trans-national In recent years this frustration has received increased attention both in Norway and internationally. The international diplomatic repercussions of this crisis International migration and corruption have several things in common: they play key roles in development processes, feature prominently on policy agendas, and are the subject of large research literatures. However, the connections between migration and corruption, whether in the country of origin or along migration trajectories, remain relatively unexplored.
There is little one can do, however, to impose effective border controls at sea.
Operation Triton does Immigrants typically have attachments in two directions: to the country in which they live, and to their country of origin. These attachments are often discussed in terms of integration and transnationalism, respectively.
A new conceptual framework, which we call the matrix of attachment, enables us to examine immigrant integra-tion and One is of Slavomir, who has made his everyday life easier by changing his name to Stian. One response to critiques is to highlight The European Union has made it clear that bombs were not part of the plan for war against people smuggling after all. The alleged plans for bombing had already caused widespread alarm and protest.
But what would Humanitarianism and Return: Compromising Protection In many contexts around the world, states use funding for humanitarian programming as an active part of their attempts to manage populations displaced by conflict. Humanitarian aid to refugees and internally displaced is commonly understood as a temporary activity that ends when people will return Should the EU cooperate with regional states to manage and control migration from the Horn of Africa?
Proponents of greater migration control within the EU increasingly favor the use of political and economic incentives as an approach to prevent migration from the Horn of Africa and elsewhere, effectively through increasingly Across the EU, mounting internal political pressures have intensified debates about migration and asylum, encouraging policies Under the tripartite agreement entered into between Afghanistan, Norway and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR , Afghans who are refused asylum in Norway have two choices: either to take advantage of the assisted repatriation programme; or to reject this offer and risk being forcibly deported and returned to Kabul Migration affects the lives of women in many ways.
Migration researchers can play a role in making the battles apparent and showing how they matter.
Immigrants have become integrated into Norwegian society with degrees of success that range between two possible extremes: strong attachment and total alienation. In debates about integration, ethnicity and country of origin are often claimed to be the key factors for determining whether or not integration will be successful. Other important Rejected asylum seekers often resist the legal obligation to return.