Alexander the Great

6 things you (probably) didn’t know about Alexander the Great
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Contents:

  • Definition
  • 20 Facts About Alexander the Great
  • Bibliography
  • 1. His father was Philip II of Macedon
  • The Death of Alexander the Great: One of History’s Great Unsolved Mysteries

    • Definition

    From Egypt Alexander and his army marched to Babylonia, where he again defeated Darius, this time decisively, at Gaugamela on the Mossul plain, now in Iraq. He carried on into Persia todays Iran and finally began his Indian campaign BC , getting as far as the Hindu Kush and the Punjab before his exhausted men forced him to turn back at the Indus delta. Sailing back for part of the return journey through the Persian Gulf, Alexander and his remaining men made the grueling crossing of the desert and eventually reached Babylon where in BC he died of a fever while preparing for an Arabian campaign.

    Alexander's declared policy, in part already embarked upon, of conciliation and of consolidating the great new empire he had created from so many disparate pieces, was doomed to failure. His empire fragmented almost immediately as rival claims were lodged by his successors. Early in his life, he gets from his father what is arguably the best tutor, for sure of the time, probably the best tutor in human history, in Aristotle.

    And the way that his father convinces him to tutor Alexander when Alexander's 13, he tutors him from when Alexander is about 13 to about 16, is Philip destroys Aristotle's village of Stagira as he conquers Greece. And Aristotle says, "Okay, sure, I'll tutor your son. There's also the stories of how Alexander carried favor with his father by taming the famous horse Bucephalus, who Alexander will eventually ride into Asia as he conquers the Persian Empire and beyond.

    And Philip, very proud of his young son being able to conquer this seemingly untamable horse, as Philip conquers, as he conquers Greece, Alexander is alongside him leading troops, showing him to be a capable military general, a capable leader. So, all seems to be working out well for Alexander until Philip takes what ends up being his seventh and last wife. Until then, Olympias was his favored wife. And Olympias is a bit of a character, at least from the point of historians.

    And you should take all of this with a grain of salt because many of these histories and these stories were written hundreds of years later, and so it's not clear how much was a true account versus how much was made up.

    20 Facts About Alexander the Great

    But beyond Olympias not being Macedonian, she is from Molossia, she is also, according to Plutarch, part of the Cult of Dionysus and she worships snakes and potentially even sleeps with snakes, which is really off-putting to a lot of the Macedonians. And so, when King Philip, in around or , finds a Macedonian to marry and her name is Cleopatra, not the famous Cleopatra from history, we'll talk about her in a few hundred years, but you see here, Philip II, he takes his seventh wife.

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    I don't list them all here. I only list Olympias here who he marries in BCE.

    War with Persia

    They also have another daughter, Cleopatra. Once again, not the Cleopatra when people refer to it in history. But then, around or BCE, he takes his seventh wife, and this seventh wife is also named Cleopatra. She is Macedonian. Philip renames her Eurydice after his mother. And so, you can imagine this is already a little bit threatening. Because, well, what if this Cleopatra has a son?

    Bibliography

    He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics. Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. He was brought up with the belief that he was of divine birth. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force. When news of the revolts reached Alexander, he responded quickly. He was fair-skinned and said to have different colored eyes grey-blue, dark brown , sharply pointed teeth, a high-pitched, sometimes harsh voice and a quick, nervous gait. Jaxartes Battle of Jaxartes.

    And she eventually does have a son. And now, that son would be pure Macedonian, as opposed to Alexander, who is only half-Macedonian. And this becomes quite pointed at the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra, the Macedonian Cleopatra, in or BCE when we have this account, and once again, take all of this with a grain of salt. This is an account by Plutarch that was written years later. But Plutarch writes, "At the wedding of Cleopatra," this is Cleopatra Eurydice, this is the Macedonian Cleopatra, the young one, "whom Philip fell in love with and married, "she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus," and you see him on our little family tree here, this is Cleopatra's Uncle Attalus, a Macedonian, "her uncle Attalus in his drink "desired the Macedonians would implore the gods "to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom "by his niece.

    Give them a lawful successor to the kingdom. You might be saying, "Wait, I thought Alexander was a lawful successor? And it's of course being goaded on, or likely to be goaded on, by his mother, Olympias, who was the primary wife for a little bit but now she's being pushed aside in favor of this Macedonian, Cleopatra.

    1. His father was Philip II of Macedon

    And so she actually goes into voluntary exile, Alexander follows her, and so things are quite tense. And they really come to a boiling point, or everything gets released a year or two later, when Olympias' other child, Cleopatra, the other Cleopatra, not Cleopatra Eurydice and not the famous Cleopatra from history, she gets married to Olympias' brother. And so, she's marrying her uncle. Many strange things happened like this in the ancient world. But once Phillip II gets assassinated, you could imagine that many people are wanting to have a go at the throne, in particular, Alexander, aided by his mother, Olympias.

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    And so immediately, there starts to be a consolidation of power and the first way to consolidate power is to kill off all of the folks who might threaten you. And so Olympias and Alexander, and many historians give credit mainly to Olympias, some say Alexander was involved more or less, but they go on a killing spree. Europa is killed, Caranus is killed. These are the children of Cleopatra Eurydice. At the time of this, we're talking , BCE, they would have been toddlers.

    The Death of Alexander the Great: One of History’s Great Unsolved Mysteries

    They would have been two, at most three years old. They're being killed. There are some accounts that Cleopatra is killed or she is forced to hang herself.