A new island biogeography of the sea of Cortés

Sea of Cortes
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Contents:

  • Alumni Travel Reading: Baja California & the Sea of Cortez
  • Enriqueta Velarde - Google Scholar Citations
  • PUBLICATION TITLE:
  • Associated Data
  • Kundrecensioner
  • Advancing Island Biogeography with the Study of Continental Islands

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    Alumni Travel Reading: Baja California & the Sea of Cortez

    Purchase Instant Access. View Preview. Learn more Check out. Abstract Cody, Martin L. Volume 88 , Issue 4 April Pages Related Information. The approximate recorded heights of these two plants were: , 2 cm; , 4 cm; , 10 cm; , 80 cm; , cm; , cm; , cm. These plants receive additional water from the nearby outdoor shower used by the researches. Additional plants, ca. Presumably, the cardones have been producing seeds over the years, but the additional water and probably the eradication of rodents has favored the survival of new plants.

    Enriqueta Velarde - Google Scholar Citations

    The growth rate of these individuals is similar to that found for ca. One mangrove plant Rhizophora mangle , first seen on the island in when it was ca. Photos in show a plant perhaps 3 or 4 years old, with stilt roots. Another individual was recorded in April , with a height of about 50 cm. This individual was not seen in and may have established as a result of the heavier rainfalls recorded in the summer of This species requires daily tidal flooding and draining for its persistence, which does not occur where the two mangrove plants are found.

    It is at the southwest end of the island, close to the shore in the first area inland with soil after the shore boulders. Repeat photography. The comparison of Rodney Hastings's images on Isla Rasa and Velarde's matches of show some stark changes in the vegetation Figures 5 and 6.

    PUBLICATION TITLE:

    The hill depicted in Figure 5 in the image, taken from the southwest edge of Tapete Verde, looking towards the northwest, shows two small patches of chain-fruit cholla on the left and right of the hill and a scattering of individuals on the middle right, whereas the image shows the hill almost completely blanketed in a dense cholla thicket Cylindropuntia fulgida.

    The five young cardones Pachycereus pringlei on the left of the hill, the one on the right, and the. The halophytic saltscrub community in the foreground has remained stable. The second view Figure 6 is taken in the same valley, and from the same location, but looking towards the northeast. No appreciable change is detected in the vegetation of the valley, or the slope seen in the background. The unique geologic and anthropogenic legacy of the Isla Rasa helps shape the floristic diversity seen today, a depauperate assemblage of plant species.

    Associated Data

    This updated and expanded A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés, first published nearly 20 years ago, integrates new and broader. A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés. Edited by Ted J Case,, Martin L Cody, and, Exequiel Ezcurra. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

    At the same time the interaction of one of the richest marine environments in the world and a harshly arid climate combine to form a flora both limited and fed by nutrients derived from the sea. Many other oceanic islands surrounded by rich marine upwellings face conditions and limiting factors similar to that on Isla Rasa, e. Conservation and restoration. Beyond environmental stochasticity, changing conditions among the plants on Rasa may be attributed to the eradication of the non-native rodents in There has been increased survival of seedling and small cardones, the cholla expansion may in part be due to release from predation of newly established clones, and the two new species Rhizophora and Viscainoa arrived post-eradication.

    The response of the seabird breeding populations has been remarkable since the rodent eradication. The Elegant Terns, in particular, increased from 30, individuals in pre-eradication years to , in , and have remained high ever since Velarde and Ezcurra, On other similar Gulf islands the rodents were known to eat vegetative material Tershy et al. Documenting the changes in flora and fauna on islands that have had non-native rodents removed is critical in gauging the ecological effects of such management actions. The black rat eradication on Rasa was the first such action in Mexico, and thus serves as the preeminent model for anticipating the effects of non-native species removal from other insular ecosystems, as removal of invasive species is an ever-increasing reality in landscape management.

    Ecological dynamics.

    KEYWORDS/PHRASES

    There is direct evidence that the biological diversity of Rasa, at least the island's flora, species composition, and the population dynamics of the nesting sea birds, is not in a static condition, but changes over relatively short periods of time Anderson et al. Isla Rasa's location in the western Midriff Region of the Gulf of California, with one of the highest marine productivities in the world Douglas et al. It is these cold and productive waters that support the great diversity of marine life in the Gulf of California, of which the pelagic fish form the basis of the seabird diet.

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    This warm water decreases coastal upwellings and results in the collapse of much of the primary productivity of the sea and forces long-lived seabirds to skip breeding during these years of low food Velarde and Ezcurra, ; Velarde et al. It is in these periods of heavy precipitation that the flush of vegetation switches these small island ecosystems from dependence on allochthonous external input from the ocean to one driven by in situ terrestrial productivity that draws upon the influx of precipitation and the added nutrients in the guano rich soil Polis et al.

    In addition, to the direct connections formed by seabirds and other organisms between the waters of the Gulf of California and the island ecosystems, certain species play a significant role in decreasing the insularity of the islands. Vagrant avian species, visitors, or unsuccessful colonizers, have been shown to appear on Midriff islands Rose and Polis, ; Gallo-Reynoso et al. These species can easily be viewed as potential dispersal agents for various plant species. In fact, the majority of the flora of Rasa is adapted to dispersal by birds.

    Thus, the establishment of immigrant plant species is likely higher. The increase in the chain-fruit cholla since is striking. It is not certain at what point within these four decades the increase began, and if the rodent eradication was responsible for, or accelerated this population expansion. It is interesting to note that this same species of cholla throughout its range has been observed to experience dramatic population dynamics. A once mighty and expansive population of Cylindropuntia fulgida var.

    In , all that remains of this once dense grove are few individuals and decomposing skeletons. This species, like many cholla, forms clonal colonies from fallen cladodes and fruits that readily form roots. This species is triploid and the seeds are likely not viable Rebman, Chain-fruit cholla is estimated to have a life span on the order of 40 to 80 years Turner et al. The reliance on asexual reproduction results in stands of relatively even age, in which the oldest individuals in an aging stand that die off are not replaced. A population may eventually eliminate itself from a given locality Turner et al.

    Turner et al.

    Kundrecensioner

    These patterns of expansion and contraction are clearly in line with our observations, and point to the chain-fruit cholla being a fascinating indicator of long-term ecological dynamics. Black mangrove occupies the landward zone with the shallowest water in coastal lagoons, while red mangrove Rhizophora consistently occupies the seaward zone with the deepest water throughout the Gulf of California Felger et al. The black mangrove of Isla Alcatraz was found ca. It is possible that the recent mangroves on Islas Alcatraz and Rasa can be attributed to the tidal and sea level rise forces also at play in southern Baja California Sur, which can be further established via isotopic dating of the new Midriff Island individuals.

    Island Biogeography

    However, it is also important to keep in mind that there are hundreds of thousands of the water dispersed viviparous mangrove seedlings throughout the Gulf, and their recent occurrence on Rasa will likely not lead to establishment due to the lack of daily tidal inundation. Viscainoa geniculata is a Baja California-Gulf of California regional endemic and is found on a majority of the Midriff Islands.

    The seed is covered in an oily orange aril that would make it attractive to birds, which are the likely dispersers Turner et al. The fruit of V.

    Advancing Island Biogeography with the Study of Continental Islands

    To estimate the power coefficient z of the area—diversity relationship for the Midriff Islands, we used generalized linear models GLM , a novel approach in species-area relationships. Pairwise differences averaged Corresponding author. Duberstein et al. Consequently, the isolation of some islands from the peninsula might be more recent than previously thought. The Bayesian skyline plot indicates an increase in the effective population size about 7. Konecny MJ.

    The individual mericarps upon drying invert and become positioned beneath the seed, exposing and presenting the oil covered arillate seed to interested consumers. It is easy to envision fruit and seed consuming birds investigating these fruits and if not eating them, having the sticky seeds adhering to their feet or plumage. Although, mostly non-resident, several species of Passeriformes birds have been observed on Isla Rasa on occasional basis, and they may have an important role in the dispersal of these plant species Cody and Velarde, In addition to the recent arrival of this species on Rasa, there is substantial evidence that Viscainoa geniculata is a colonizer of Isla San Pedro Martir where it has substantially increased in population size since its arrival sometime in the middle twentieth century Wilder and Felger, This make species' recent colonization of two bird islands in the Gulf of California indicates the important role of birds as dispersal agents in this system as well as an expanding range for this species.

    The baseline biodiversity and long-term ecological data now established for Isla Rasa allow insights into the dynamic nature of life on this desert island. The marine and terrestrial environments have asynchronous productivity responses to global-scale inter-annual climatic variations, which set the stage for a system in constant flux.

    This connection between oceanic processes, a diverse trophic web, massive colonies of seabirds, and an impoverished flora limited by aridity and high levels of guano, allow for the careful study of Isla Rasa to perceive global phenomena. The eradication of rodents in , the first in all of Mexico, and a changing climate further the unpredictable trajectory of this isolated ecosystem. Continued precise monitoring of the island flora is essential to understand the effects of rodent eradication and the associated ecosystem response.

    By harnessing over a century of biological knowledge for Rasa, we may begin to unravel the ecological mysteries at play not only within its small confines, but on distant shores as well.