Moisture Control in Buildings
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Rousseau M J ed. In general, the causes of the problems are mainly due to the design and production of the joints or the interface between the components. NO The parameters of the ventilation system of uninsulated cow shed. Kavolelis B Energy and Buildings, No 32, , pp , 2 figs, 1 tab, 3 refs. According to the equations of the balances of heat and moisture, the experimental and the analytical data, the mathematical model is created to ground the temperature regime and to calculate the parameters of the ventilation system of the uninsulated cow shed and that with the insulated roof.
NO Building science air barriers. Anon Canada, Solplan Review, January , pp Air movement is the major factor in transporting moisture through building envelope assemblies. Many building envelope problems can be attributed to inadequate or failed air barriers. The National Building code of Canada has required air barrier systems since Unfortunately, there is considerable confusion between what is an air barrier and what is a vapour barrier.
The two are distinct functions that, in some situations, may be satisfied by the same material components. In , the wording of Part 9 of the Code was modified to clarify and separate the functional requirements for air barrier systems and vapour barriers. The Code now requires that the air barrier system provide an effective barrier to air exfiltration under differential air pressure due to stack effect, mechanical systems and wind. Discusses essential features of an air barrier, tightness, and air barrier joint materials.
States that silicone based sealants and adhesive tape achieved the best performance under all conditions. Spun bonded olefin paper and acrylic base sealants should not be used at connections where the temperature may be hot. Staples to attach the spun bonded olefin should be avoided. Because of their high air permeability, open cell gaskets, mineral wool and perforated polyethylene membranes should not be used. The use of closed cell gaskets is not recommended because of problems with long-term performance.
NO Dynamic insulation in multistorey buildings.
Dynamic insulation permits the movement of air and moisture through the external walls of a building to reduce heat loss and achieve high indoor air quality. The present paper details a pilot study carried out to examine the influence of fire safety requirements and external wind on the performance of naturally ventilated multistorey buildings in which the external envelope is dynamically insulated. The theoretical foundation is outlined for a spreadsheet model used to simulate prototype 3-,4-,5- and storey buildings all sharing the same rectangular floor plan, with fresh air drawn into the building through the envelope by depressurisation using a fan-driven, ducted extract system.
From the analysis, the effects of wall porosity, depressurisation level, extract system deployment, occupant density and distribution, and building orientation have been quantified, confirming the practical feasibility of such a system. NO Be on your guard against tobacco smoke, moisture, pollen, radon and pets!
Describes the conclusions and recommendations drawn from a workshop held last autumn on risk assessment and risk management. The aim of the workshop was to promote transboundary discussions between researchers in the medical, chemical, biological, occupational and environment medical and the building related sciences.
The goal was to focus on available knowledge and techniques for the assessment of health hazards in the indoor environment caused mainly by chemical compounds, and to make this knowledge available to different groups. Discusses how Western lifestyle increases the risk, how the indoor environment of the home is most important, the significance of airborne pollutants, that a poorly cleaned, warm and moist environment is worst, smoke sources outdoors, radon, using buildings in the correct way, and the upkeep of the buildings.
Building assemblies exist in a dynamic environment. To be successful, moisture control does not require everything be kept completely dry. For this reason, many buildings only regulate temperature, without considering humidity control. Mold produces a number of materials, such as peptidoglycans and polysaccharides, that induce inflammation through the innate immune pathways. No significant differences in total concentrations of airborne viable fungi between the damaged and non-damaged schools could be shown. Anon Canada, Solplan Review, January , pp
NO Particle-bound benzene from Diesel engine exhaust. The large surface area of the carbon core of diesel exhaust particles may contribute to the adsorption or condensation of such volatile carcinogenic organic compounds as benzene.
Benzene and suspended particulate matter were evaluated jointly in the air of a municipal bus garage. Personal passive monitors were used for benzene sampling in the breathing zone of the workers. Active samplers were used for sampling diesel exhaust particles and the benzene associated with them. The benzene levels were measured by gas chromatography. Diesel engine exhaust from buses was the main source of air pollution caused by benzene and particles in this study.
Introduction
The concentration of benzene in the gas and particulate phases showed a wide range of variation, depending on the distance of the workplace from the operating diesel engine. Benzene present in the breathing zone of the workers was distributed between the gas and particulate phases. The amounts of benzene associated with particles were significantly lower in summer than in winter.
The particulate matter of diesel exhaust contains benzene in amounts comparable to the concentrations of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs and the usually found nitro-PAH.
Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December giuliettasprint.konfer.eu Moisture control is fundamental to the proper functioning of any building. Controlling moisture is important.
The concentration of benzene in the gas phase and in the suspended particulate matter of air can serve as an additional indicator of exposure to diesel exhaust and its carcinogenicity. NO Moisture content of different new and used air filter media under static climatic conditions. Microorganisms are able to colonize and amplify on different building materials if sufficient moisture and nutrients are present.
Moisture may become available e. This study describes the MC or water binding capacity of different commercial new and used air filter media determined under controlled static climate conditions. Measuring method was gravimetry by a precision scale, which has been a suitable method for the determination of MC of porous and lightweight materials. The collective data of this study show that moisture content of new filter media depends mainly on the textile structure of the medium, whereas the amount of atmospheric dust load is mainly responsible for the revealed MC of used filter media.
NO Direct measurements of temperature and humidity in dust mite microhabitats. Reduction of dust mite numbers by lowering room humidity control is one suggested technique for reducing dust mite allergen levels to clinically acceptable levels.
Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building
Trials of this technique in temperate climates have reported mixed results. It has been speculated that one reason for this is that humidity changes in room ambient air are not tightly linked to humidity changes in the dust mite microenvironment in the base of carpets, bedding, furniture etc.
Objective - To directly measure humidities and temperatures in dust mite microenvironments and compare these to ambient conditions, and so gather on how the microclimates are influenced by room conditions and moisture and heat sources, such as an occupant in a bed.
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Methods - A special small humidity device has been developed which can discriminate humidity changes over distances of millimetres. With these devices microclimates have been measures in the base of carpets, in layers through bedding, and in furniture. Results - Measured base-of-carpets humidities were significantly higher than room humidities.
Bedding relative humidities show complex behaviour according to the distance separation between the measuring point and the occupant. Immediately below the occupant, bed relative humidities fall when the person enters the bed.
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Similar behaviour is observed in a sofa. Conclusion - Some dust mite microclimates have been shown to be very different from room conditions. Consequently, reduction of dust mite numbers and allergen levels cannot be guaranteed by controlling of room humidities. NO Improved health after intervention in a school with moisture problems. In a school with floor moisture problems, the personnel had complaints consistent with the sick-building syndrome SBS. Interventive measures including the laying of a ventilated floor were undertaken to eliminate the emissions.
To examine if the intervention resulted in positive health effects, 34 personnel and pupils were interviewed just before the intervention and also 7 months after. Also were interviewed 21 personnel and pupils at an adjacent school serving as a control.
Compared with the control school, the problem school showed more complaints, more general symptoms and more symptoms from the eyes, air-ways and skin, both among the personnel and the pupils. In the post-intervention examinations, the excess of symptoms among the personnel had almost disappeared. Among the pupils, the frequency of eye irritation was reduced but a general improvement of other symptoms was not obvious. However, after adjustment for a recent common cold, atopy and stress among the pupils, only one symptom "stuffy nose" remained significantly elevated.
In conclusion, the intervention was followed by positive health effects, supporting the hypothesis that emissions from building material had contributed to the excess of symptoms. A recent common cold was highly related to the symptoms and should be considered in future SBS studies. NO Orifices de ventilation, assechement par ventilation et moderation de la pression. Ventilation openings, ventilation drying and regulation of pressure. The orientation, size, and nature of vents in screened exterior wall systems are important to wall performance because these characteristics affect venting, ventilation and pressure moderation.
The ventilation of screened wall systems has received very little attention in Canadian building research. An experimental and theoretical study of vents and venting in screened walls was undertaken. The objective of this study was to define the problems and potentials, develop upper and lower bounds of likely performance, and provide some theory and complementary experimental measurements as a precursor to future more detailed and directed studies.
Considers literature review, theoretical considerations, the forces driving ventilation flow, ventilation flow rates, ventilation drying rates, laboratory vent flow tests, field pressure measurements, and gives conclusions and recommendations. Concludes that ventilation, even small amounts, can provide significant benefits to wall performance, mostly by contributing to the removal of moisture from behind the screen.
If unobstructed cavities and several strategically located large vents are provided in a screened wall, significant ventilation air flow can occur, even with the very small driving pressures that typically occur in service. The same measures will allow for the moderation of wind-induced pressure differences across the screen. Laboratory testing of air flow through proprietary masonry vent inserts show that these inserts greatly reduce ventilation flow.
The flow of air through vents driven by dynamic pressure variations is greater, sometimes significantly so, than when driven by a static pressure difference. Designing new or the retro-fit of existing wall systems that encourage ventilation flow can greatly increase the drying potential of a wall assembly. In masonry veneer construction, it is recommended that minimum venting, i. To achieve significant benefits from pressure moderation and ventilation drying, at least three times this area 0. To ensure clear cavities which encourage good ventilation and allow drainage , the minimum width of the air space should be 30 mm, preferably a width of mm should be provided.
Despite the benefits of ventilation flow, very little is known and it is recommended that a judicious mix of theoretical modelling, lab experiments, and field monitoring should be undertaken. NO Crawl space air change, heat and moisture behaviour. Kurnitski J Energy and Buildings, No 32, , pp , 22 figs, 6 tabs, 15 refs.
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