Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years, 970-1100
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In Karaite law, the husband is not the automatic heir of his wife. If she dies childless before her husband, her entire dowry must be returned to her father or his heirs, while the husband retains only the delayed portion of the additional marriage payment. If the couple has children, the dowry remains with the husband until his death, when the children inherit it. Among the Karaites, unlike the Rabbanites, daughters have equal rights of inheritance with sons.
To prevent this, a Karaite woman was entitled to issue a special document to ensure that her dowry would be inherited only by her own children. The wife could also enforce the inheritance of her estate by her children from a previous marriage by inserting a special stipulation into her marriage contract. The legal procedure of Karaite divorce, its possible grounds, the instrumental role of the letter of divorce and its consequences are all derived from Deut.
From the early eleventh century, the Karaite The legal corpus of Jewish laws and observances as prescribed in the Torah and interpreted by rabbinic authorities, beginning with those of the Mishnah and Talmud. First mentioned by Levi ben Yefet ha-Levi in his Book of Precepts , this practice has been maintained by later Karaites until today and constitutes a distinctive feature of Karaite divorce law.
It amounts to the right of the Karaite court to issue a letter of divorce if the husband himself refuses to do so.
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The rules regulating the behaviour of and towards women during the period of menstruation or after childbirth have been dealt with in great detail by Karaites authorities since Anan ben David. The Karaites obeyed these rules with particular care. The blood of menstruation Menstruation; the menstruant woman; ritual status of the menstruant woman. For a prescribed period of time, she may not have sexual intercourse with her husband, nor may she enter places of worship.
According to many Karaite authors, she must also refrain from cooking and other domestic chores although Anan ben David allows her to kindle the fire , and should be almost completely separated from her normal surroundings. The impurity caused by the blood of a menstruating woman can be transferred to any person or objects bedding, clothing or seat in contact with her.
After a certain length of time, and according to her condition, she must purify herself by immersion in running water though not in a ritual bath, as Karaites do not practice the institution of Ritual bath mikveh. Purification is also required for people or objects that she rendered unclean. Although different Karaite authors held various and sometimes divergent opinions about certain aspects of the laws of purity, the basic rules are based on biblical injunction as expressed in Lev. A menstruating woman is considered unclean and can transmit the impurity for seven days after the beginning of her menses.
Since the ramifications of contact with menstrual blood are important, Karaite authors often deal with the ways of determining the beginning of menstruation. When a woman feels the first blood of menstruation, there is no doubt when the period of seven ritually impure days has begun. But since women often see blood only later, without knowing the precise moment when their menses have begun, Karaite authors advise that a woman should check regularly for blood when the usual time of her menstruation approaches, and in case she does not feel the exact moment, her period of impurity counts from the last time she checked.
If she did not check, it counts from the day her menstruation was normally due to begin. The period of seven days of ritual impurity is counted from the moment she sees her blood. If she sees no further blood on the eighth day, she is ritually pure, and permitted to her husband after washing unlike the period of at least twelve days prescribed by the Rabbanites.
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If she notices any blood after the seventh day, the woman is considered to have a discharge zavah. The rules concerning a woman after childbirth are based on Lev.
Strict Karaite Doctrines Anan ben David maintained that in exile no meat should be eaten except that of reindeer and pigeons. Preliminary version. As a soldier, he crossed the North African desert and was later posted in liberated Europe. For example, the monuments i. Purification is also required for people or objects that she rendered unclean. Used items may not include supplementary materials such as CDs or access codes. Antiquites Syriennes.
According to the Bible, a woman is unclean for seven days after the birth of a boy and for two weeks after the birth of a girl. In addition, she may not participate in religious life nor may she enter the sanctuary for a further thirty-three days after the birth of a boy and sixty-six after the birth of a girl.
According to most Karaite authors, a woman is unclean and may not engage in sexual intercourse with her husband just as she is during menstruation, for the full forty days after the birth of a boy and eighty days after the birth of a girl. In conclusion, while Karaite laws concerning women and their status are mostly similar to those practiced by mainstream Rabbanite Jews, there are several differences which result either from the Karaite reinterpretation of relevant biblical passages or from the influence of Muslim laws and customs.
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