Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750–1918

Transport And The Development Of The European Economy 1750 1918 0333436024 By Simon Ville
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Contents:

  • Transport and the Development of the European Economy: 1750-1918
  • Table of Contents
  • Economic history of Europe - Wikipedia
  • Top Authors
  • Accessibility links

    • Ville, Transport and the development of the European economy, Pamela M. Methodological aspects. To include a comma in your tag, surround the tag with double quotes. Was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the th year of the Common Era CE and Anno Domini AD designations, the th year of the 2nd millennium, the 50th year of the 18th century, and the 1st year of the s decade. Culture and Ideas A. When the war ended in , Parliament granted the right to vote to women.

    Pope Leo X raised money for the new basilica by authorizing the sale of indulgences. Transport and the development of the European economy,. China, which joined the Allied cause in , profited economically from the First World War. Ford, ford first to realise you need to look beyond national boundaries- Ford opens its first U.

    VilleTransport and the development of the European Economy, — Fundamental change to the advantage of America by Transport and the Development of the European Economy,.

    Transport and the Development of the European Economy, — Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Airplanes also had an impact on communication, as many former military pilots turned to carrying mail after The Europeans traded the silver for luxury goods, such as silk, porcelain, and tea. Transport and the Development of the European Economy, — , pp.

    Road transport The pressure of economic growth and improvements in road. Since , modern economic growth has been very rapid by his-. Public Private login. Over 40 percent of all that silver eventually wound up in China. Europeans in China, s- In Europe, the exigencies of revolution and war led to the creation of the first telegraph network. Economic growth in Britain was fueled by a number of factors:. And yet, as Simon Ville correctly notes in the preface to this work, there is a dearth of surveys on European transport in the modern period.

    This Big Era and the Three Essential Questions

    The Internationalisation of Sea Transport since Their economic impact was equally huge. New World crops helped Western European peasants avoid starvation: Potatoes and corn. These writings suggested that everything on earth was reducible to four elements; that the sun, moon, planets, and stars were so light and pure that they floated in crystalline spheres and rotated around the earth in perfectly circular orbits. Transport and the development of the european economy Brought factories to Europe, especially England and Scotland, s to s.

    The era between 17 C. How did new ideas and new technologies contribute to change from?

    Transport and the Development of the European Economy: 1750-1918

    London: Macmillan. By AD in Europe, developments in iron smelting allowed for increased production, leading to. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,. Local rulers to ensure the protection of European economic interests. Only in late did the government introduce a grain monopoly and the rationing of bread. If France and Britain remained largely liberal states despite the war, the institutions of such states as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia adopted a far more distinct statist design.

    In production and distribution of food, Germany was transformed into a Zwangswirtschaft a compulsory economy , in which market forces completely yielded to the rule of the managers. Overall, in , German industrial economy operated more as a command system than a market economy.

    Table of Contents

    These directors in turn were supervised by the inspectors of the War Ministry. Prompted by the German authorities, the Austro - Hungarian government developed a centralized system of raw material allocation, although in contrast to the German raw materials corporations, the Austrians did not have legal and financial guarantees from the state. The Austro-Hungarian government instituted an industrial draft of the male population albeit with numerous exemptions in the first days of the war.

    Compared to Germany, the Austrian action took place much earlier and, according to James R. Wegs, it was a more effective arrangement. The government introduced a monopoly on grain as well as establishing rationing on bread and other staple foodstuffs. In the last two years of the war, the army itself began requisitioning food from the countryside. Nonetheless, widespread starvation was a reality by In Russia the process of the institutional merger of monopolies and the state reached its ultimate phase: in some sectors not only the state took over the allocation of materiel, but by being the sole buyer of produce, the state began to manage the entire process of production.

    On the other hand, the Russian system of state-corporate regulation was less developed organizationally and was less comprehensive than the German model. As managers of industrial mobilization, the Russian military-bureaucratic state and the national capitalist class turned out to be both weak and ineffective. Due to the weakness of the state and the broad opposition of society, the militarization of the workforce was completely out of the question. Despite earnest efforts to institute a state-controlled economy in food supply, these efforts, as compared to analogous measures introduced in Germany and Austria-Hungary, came too late, were poorly implemented, and proved completely ineffective.

    The Industrial Revolution (18-19th Century)

    Eventually these regulatory efforts resulted in an institutional stupor. The war strengthened the existing tendencies towards a command economy but did produce a commander.

    Economic history of Europe - Wikipedia

    The economic system of the United States , a nation which remained neutral throughout most of the fighting, represented an interesting contrasting case. Due to its remoteness from the battlefield and the brief duration of the military involvement from April of to November of , its economic mobilization lacked a sense of urgency and proper organization. Most wartime organizational innovations brought about by the federal government such as nationalization of railroads were politically controversial and clearly meant to be temporary.

    Big business and a large number of small entrepreneurs profited from the conflict. The war placed the United States in position as the leading economic nation of the world.

    As a result, the United States also became a creditor nation, financing some of the Allied war effort through loans and material assistance. In order to investigate the results of resource reallocation and the general shortage of resources more closely, we will take a closer look at the German case, which perhaps most clearly displays these characteristics.

    Top Authors

    During the decade preceding the First World War, Germany experienced a rapid transformation of its economy. German per-capita income rose by more than 70 percent between and , and the urban population increased from More and more animal feed, fertilizer, and other intermediate products as well as human foodstuffs were imported to meet the increasing demands. The major imported commodities were Russian barley, U. In addition, raw materials like Chilean saltpeter were important inputs for both the armaments industry and the agriculture.

    Corresponding British figures indicate that only 8. The British naval blockade did not prevent German external trade completely, but the import of foodstuffs, fertilizer, seasonal workers, and animal feeds over the North and Baltic Seas was restricted as many neighboring European countries became enemies. In addition to the blockade, important trading partners ceased or reduced their supply as they faced similar problems like Germany or became opponents. German imports of dairy products declined by approximately 80 percent, meat imports dropped by 87 to 96 percent, and flour imports by 95 and 80 percent, respectively.

    Mobilization efforts redirected resources from agriculture and the farmers preferred to hoard food rather than sell it for low prices and postpone important investments into their capital stock given increasing prices for capital goods and uncertainty about the expected revenues. For example, general mobilization drew an estimated 40 percent of the male labor force away from the German agricultural sector.

    Also, the number of seasonal workers dropped from approximately 0. Authorities tried to top-up the remaining labor force with females, children , prisoners of war, and workers from other industries. The number of prisoners of war rose from 0. Moreover, prisoners of war, women, adolescents, and children had received little or no training, and the prisoners of war especially lacked motivation. The situation became so difficult that German authorities had to send agricultural workers and landowners on home leave to enable them to help with the harvest.

    One strategy provided that industrial labor from urban areas was to be reallocated towards the agricultural sector. However, agriculturalists hesitated to take advantage of this opportunity as urban dwellers generally lacked the skills necessary in agriculture and feared the encroachment of the trade unions. Aside from labor shortages, there were several sectors competing for one of the most important war resources: nitrogen.

    Accessibility links

    The new system operated first on textiles, then spread to other sectors and by the mid 19th century totally transformed the British economy and society, setting up sustained growth; it spread to parts of America and Europe and modernized the world economy. Certainly, the technological differences with Europe hampered commercial exchange, such as the absence of the wheel for transportation, metallurgy that did not include iron, and the exclusive reliance on pictographic writing systems. Thus, it became clear that monetary policy could not actively and directly stimulate economic activity and employment. The natives would continue to rely on maize for the better part of their subsistence, but the Europeans introduced wheat, olives oil , grapes wine and even chickens, which the natives rapidly adopted. Walker, Waking from the Dream. Thus neglected, they quickly flooded. In turn, inflation was rampant see Graph 3.

    Nitrogen was used both as a fertilizer in agriculture and as the basis for explosives in the armaments industries.