Grammar and Context

Context-sensitive grammar
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    • Context-sensitive grammars are less general in the same sense than unrestricted grammars.

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    Thus, CSG are positioned between context-free and unrestricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy. A formal language that can be described by a context-sensitive grammar, or, equivalently, by a noncontracting grammar or a linear bounded automaton , is called a context-sensitive language. Some textbooks actually define CSGs as non-contracting, [1] [2] [3] [4] although this is not how Noam Chomsky defined them in Chomsky introduced context-sensitive grammars as a way to describe the syntax of natural language where it is often the case that a word may or may not be appropriate in a certain place depending on the context.

    Walter Savitch has criticized the terminology "context-sensitive" as misleading and proposed "non-erasing" as better explaining the distinction between a CSG and an unrestricted grammar. Although it is well-known that certain features of languages e. Subsequent research in this area has focused on the more computationally tractable mildly context-sensitive languages. Derivations that do not end in a string composed of terminal symbols only are possible, but don't contribute to L G. This seemingly weaker requirement is in fact weakly equivalent , [11] see Noncontracting grammar Transforming into context-sensitive grammar.

    This is different from a context-free grammar where the context of a nonterminal is not taken into consideration. If the possibility of adding the empty string to a language is added to the strings recognized by the noncontracting grammars which can never include the empty string then the languages in these two definitions are identical.

    The languages generated by these grammars are also the full class of context-sensitive languages. A generation chain for aaabbbccc is:. Every context-sensitive grammar which does not generate the empty string can be transformed into a weakly equivalent one in Kuroda normal form. The normal form will not in general be context-sensitive, but will be a noncontracting grammar.

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    A formal language can be described by a context-sensitive grammar if and only if it is accepted by some linear bounded automaton LBA. Peter S. Landweber published in that the language accepted by a deterministic LBA is context sensitive. As of [update] it is still an open question whether every context-sensitive language can be accepted by a deterministic LBA.

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    It was proven that some natural languages are not context-free, based on identifying so-called cross-serial dependencies and unbounded scrambling phenomena. Free resources. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Let's look at this in more detail. Major levels of linguistics : This diagram outlines the various subfields of linguistics, the study of language. Free course.

    Context-sensitive languages are closed under complement. Every recursively enumerable language L can be written as h L for some context-sensitive language L and some string homomorphism h. The decision problem that asks whether a certain string s belongs to the language of a given context-sensitive grammar G , is PSPACE-complete.

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    In other words, there is a context-sensitive grammar G such that deciding whether a certain string s belongs to the language of G is PSPACE-complete so G is fixed and only s is part of the input of the problem. The LuZc parser is a working example of a program which can parse Context-sensitive grammars.

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    It has been shown that nearly all natural languages may in general be characterized by context-sensitive grammars, but the whole class of CSG's seems to be much bigger than natural languages. It was proven that some natural languages are not context-free, based on identifying so-called cross-serial dependencies and unbounded scrambling phenomena.

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    Is use of grammar more or less complex than it appears? This free course, English grammar in context, looks at the way grammar can be used. A context-sensitive grammar (CSG) is a formal grammar in which the left-hand sides and right-hand sides of any production rules may be surrounded by a.

    However this does not necessarily imply that all the class CSG is necessary to capture "context sensitivity" in the colloquial sense of these terms in natural languages. Ongoing research on computational linguistics has focused on formulating other classes of languages that are " mildly context-sensitive " whose decision problems are feasible, such as tree-adjoining grammars , combinatory categorial grammars , coupled context-free languages , and linear context-free rewriting systems.

    The languages generated by these formalisms properly lie between the context-free and context-sensitive languages. More recently, the class PTIME has been identified with range concatenation grammars , which are now considered to be the most expressive of the mild-context sensitive languages. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. It has been suggested that this article be merged into context-sensitive language.

    Discuss Proposed since April See also: context-sensitive language.

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    Furthermore, phrases in regular grammars must appear in the same position in every sentence or phrase, generated by the grammar. Because context-free grammars allow a wider range of rules than regular grammars, they can generate a wider range of structures than regular grammars. Regular grammars cannot do this. Context-free grammars are used in natural language processing to generate and parse language data because they can capture many of the defining features of human language, such as their potential for infinitely recursive structures. Regular grammars, which generate only a subset of the expressions of context-free grammars, are also used for natural language processing.

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    However, they can only replicate or process short and grammatically simple linguistic expressions, such as short expressions typically found in informal dialogue. This article was written by the It Still Works team, copy edited and fact checked through a multi-point auditing system, in efforts to ensure our readers only receive the best information.

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