Tackling Domestic Violence: Theories, Policies and Practice

Feminist Strategies to End Violence Against Women

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A multi-agency stakeholder event was delivered in conjunction with and supported by NICE.

The campaign was also tested with the target groups as part of a robust social marketing approach. A segmentation excersize used insight and the geodemographic database Mosaic to identify two target groups - Municipal Dependency and Ties of Community, broadly corresponding to year olds in socio-economic groups C2DE, although the campaign looked to deliver a reach far wider than these groups.

The creative direction was refined by concept testing with these target groups. Expertise from domestic abuse professionals was sought and incorporated. In , the campaign was delivered across a 2. This led to the inclusion of Lancashire areas in the campaign. As a new campaign with an innovative approach, some stakeholders felt excluded and even challenged. The public reach exceeded expectations. Adopting a collaborative approach in this way has produced significant cost savings through economies of scale. At the mid-point of the campaign public and stakeholder engagement, in particular social media engagement, was already out-performing that of As a partnership approach, local partners have also delivered their own locally-led activity.

Additional results will be available after the campaign ends March. Learning from the campaign in helped develop and refine the campaign in covered above. In addition, key learning for future similar work would be:.

Tackling domestic violence: theories, policies and practice/ Lynne Harne and Jill Radford

The local areas where the campaign performed best were those with the strongest public health leadership on this issue and where good partnership working embraced innovation. This was successful in that it produced stronger buy-in from the local partners involved. To avoid potential confusion and gain support from stakeholders working in the field with a novel approach such as this, it is important to engage as many people as possible early.

Ensure that at the heart of the approach the work is grounded in good theory and a tried and tested process — in this case social marketing theory. But the use of social marketing techniques in the development of campaigns that segment, develop approaches for and then engage specific audiences is a specialist field which was not universally understood by partners.

Contributions tackle global as well as national and local issues and many theorise gender and power. Amongst health staff, however, there will be those who are experiencing sexual violences while ironically they are encouraged to treat women in similar situations.

All too often, violence against women in the home and in intimate relationships does not receive the same level of interest from employers as violent attacks or verbal abuses towards staff by patients or their relatives. I will draw out two contributions with an obvious relevance to health research and policy. Qualitative work was also undertaken in one of the six areas in which survey work took place. Skinner's analysis of qualitative data on consultations around service development illuminates the dilemmas and contradictions posed when feminist groups participate in tactical campaigning.

There is relevance here for many patient and community groups on issues of consultation and acceptability of service provision on sensitive issues. Emma Williamson's contribution Caught in contradictions: conducting feminist action orientated research within an evaluated programme details the tensions and issues posed when undertaking research on the response of the medical profession to domestic violence.

Rather than present overall findings the chapter considers the processes of the research on specific topics through an exploration of the different needs and power relations of four constituencies — the university, the voluntary sector agencies, the participants and herself as a research student. Can the potential for change through research outweigh the traumas and contradictions created through the process? This question is not dissimilar to the concerns expressed by some health professionals.

The following three books are written or edited by practitioners many of whom are working in health and social care settings. In Domestic Violence. Following the drafting and review of a preliminary version the final protocol was used in 15 communities in 10 countries, seven in Central America and three in the Andean area. The protocol was adapted to suit conditions and issues in each locality and adaptation might also be undertaken for application in other communities and areas. For example, the section on Selection of information sources and data collection would prove useful to any final year dissertation or M.

There is also a good section on data analysis and linking findings to the wider context of local and regional policies.

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This is very much the book for the health professional, researcher and policy maker looking for a guide to practical and research issues. In addition, it is a good source for all those researching and working with communities. Although there is a consideration of the social and political practices that appear to silence violences there is little in the way of theoretical work and so it might be best read alongside the books reviewed in the previous section.

What Every Professional Needs to Know Schornstein is written from the perspective of health care services in the US but has a relevance for practitioners and researchers in Europe. The author is upfront about the inattention, blame and disbelief that can characterise responses from some. Many avoid disclosure for fear of the implications for the woman, her family and an obvious lack of practical support.

Early chapters consider competing definitions, societal perspectives, and dynamics of abuse. Useful and detailed discussions give way to the main thrust of the book — what health professionals can do.

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Models are presented and discussed with detailed advice offered on managing the process of disclosure. Debates in the UK and Europe have tended to consider this too intrusive, placing pressure upon all women and health professionals. Others argue that it may not be wholly conducive to disclosure as women will want to build up trust with a person or service, and she should be in control of the timing of disclosure.

In addition, the language used in checklists and the ordering of questions demonstrates cultural differences in approach and attitudes. Having said that, there is potential to review and adapt advice, and the end section on health professionals giving evidence is the only section on this subject in any of the books reviewed. But it is an invaluable resource to dip in and out of as you require information on theoretical and methodological issues five contributions to Part I ; types of violence against women six chapters in Part II ; prevention and direct intervention ten chapters in Part III , and continuing and emerging issues three chapters in Part IV.

There is a breadth that other books reviewed cannot capture: for example, men researching violence against women, female genital mutilation, violence against older women, religious issues and violence against women, and violence and human rights. There is a good balance of practical and theoretical information but, as with the book by Schornstein, this is compiled by authors who are working and researching in the US and thus cultural, professional and research differences are evident.

Nevertheless, this is an important book for researchers and health professionals who are developing research and policy work on prevention, disclosure and training. Violence is an oppressive practice. Men's violences against women is a gendered, oppressive practice but one that is viewed very differently if it takes place amongst those who know each other within current or former intimate relationships as opposed to between strangers in public places the female nurse and the male patient.

Perhaps the thought of tackling the cultural and political contexts that sanction men's violences is just too daunting? After all, media images, sports activities and certain types of employment soldier, security guard promote violence as acceptable within certain boundaries. Recent human rights legislation in Europe and a new international court for war crimes would suggest a concern with violence and the development of legal and policy activities to protect life. The contradictions posed by images of violence, levels of violent acts and crime alongside national and global activities to stem violence against women are played out in many health settings.

Today health professionals are actively encouraged to support women who wish to disclose domestic abuse but often do not know how to achieve trust, physical and psychological treatment and appropriate referral. So how can the books reviewed assist in any or all of these activities? All emphasise the gendered nature of violence and abuse and to varying degrees emphasise the need for knowledges that are grounded in the experiences of women. Several contributions are worthy of note for practical advice on disclosure and methodology, respectively.

What Every Professional Needs to Know Schornstein offers ideas on approaching and managing disclosure, including examples of questions and prompts.

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The contents of this book might also be adapted to support the development and conduct of research and projects that wish to achieve participation from women, professionals and communities more generally. In fairness to the other books their main readership lies with the interested researcher in women's studies, gender and violence, and social theories and power. This does, however, raise the issue of how best to share the range of invaluable ideas and empirical work in these books with health professionals and researchers.

At the very least I would suggest editors and authors consider the provision of a detailed overview of key findings in the introductory or final chapters. This is because state services, particularly the criminal justice system, reproduce the structural inequalities and violence that enable violence against women. While the importance of these services for the immediate wellbeing and safety of many women must not be ignored, neither must their gaps, exclusions, and inadequacies. Where state services do not address the structures of violence that support individual expressions of violence, they become complicit in these structures through that omission.

Indeed, beyond very real and important logistical barriers a lack of services in an area, linguistic barriers, lack of knowledge about services, etc. The possible benefits, on the other hand, are limited. Further, depending on the immigration status of a woman or her partner, either one could face deportation if state services become involved in their private life. When seeking help a woman will attempt to ascertain how she will be treated.

Jennifer Koshan provides an excellent illustration of this argument in her discussion of the options available to women living in small northern Aboriginal communities, where the services are limited, the racism of the Canadian justice system is potent, and the possibility of anonymity is nonexistent. Mandatory charging provides a particularly potent illustration of the inadequacies of the criminal justice approach. Many jurisdictions in Canada and the United States have adopted mandatory charging policies in cases of domestic violence.

This shift emphasized that domestic violence was no longer viewed as a civil matter being brought by an individual against a perpetrator, but rather as a criminal matter being prosecuted by the state. Mandatory charging provides a level of assurance for victims of violence in that, on paper, once there is evidence that a violation has occurred, they are not subject to the whims and prejudices of individual police officers; in addition, the judicial machinery of the state takes responsibility for pursuing the case.

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