Physics 1922–1941. Including Presentation Speeches and Laureates( Biographies

Nobel Lectures Physics
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Contents:

  • Separation of the Isotopes
  • Physics 1922 – 1941
  • Nobel Lectures in Physics (Vol 2a)

    • Separation of the Isotopes

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    Silver medal is 70 mm. Sheepskin case is mm. Inscription on reverse, from "8 o'clock" to "4 o'clock" "Medaille G. James Chadwick , of Liverpool Associate of the section of Sciences, mathematics, and physics. The Division decides at the same time to deliver to Mr. Chadwick the presentation diploma, endowed with the seal and signature of its Director and of its permanent Secretary, Done at Brussels, 15 December Suspended during the twenty-two years of French occupation, the institution was restored by a Royal Decree of 7 May adopted by King William 1st of the Low Countries.

    It shall be a centre of cooperation between Belgian scholars, scientists and artists, and between the latter and the scholars, scientists and artists of other countries. It shall publish the work of its members and that of the most deserving researchers, to whom it may award prizes and grants.

    Physics 1922 – 1941

    At the request of the Authorities or on its own initiative, it may express any opinion it considers likely to serve the interests of the Sciences, Humanities and Fine Arts. There are three Divisions: the Division of Sciences, the Division of Humanities and of Moral and Political Sciences, and the Division of Fine Arts, each one comprising thirty members, twenty correspondent members and fifty associate members. The Division of Sciences It consists of two sections, each comprising fifteen members, ten correspondent members and twenty-five associate..

    The Mathematical and Physical Sciences Section comprises astronomic, mathematical, physical, chemical and engineering.. The Natural Sciences Section is made up of scholars studying botany, geology, mineralogy, physiology and zoology. They will be submitted to the Scientific Committee in writing. The Council of the Administration of the A. There will be a Gold Medal, which will be presented at a dignified public meeting.

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    Antoine Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15, , a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. From he had held an appointment as an Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, taking over from his father in the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He became a Professor at the Polytechnic in Becquerel's earliest work was concerned with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals his doctorate thesis.

    He also worked on the subject of terrestrial magnetism. In , his previous work was overshadowed by his discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. He had inherited from his father a supply of uranium salts, which phosphoresce on exposure to light. When the salts were placed near to a photographic plate covered with opaque paper, the plate was discovered to be fogged.

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    The phenomenon was found to be common to all the uranium salts studied and was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Later, Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium, which for a long time were named after their discoverer, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields. For his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Becquerel was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in , the other half being given to Pierre and Marie Curie for their study of the Becquerel radiation.

    Becquerel published his findings in many papers, principally in the Annales de Physique et de Chimie and the Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. He was elected a member of the Academie des Sciences de France in and succeeded Berthelot as Life Secretary of that body. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour in He was married to Mlle. Janin, the daughter of a civil engineer.

    They had a son Jean, b. He saw that the source of these conflicting results must lie in the equipment, the working practices, or the scientists themselves…. Inevitably some people were more reliable counters than others. Chadwick was said to have an almost superhuman accuracy rate while Rutherford was a mediocre counter despite his long experience….

    The tests left no doubt…. It was a shocking humiliation for the Vienna team. Roger H. We will see that these scientific issues became entangled in a web of personal and institutional rivalries that greatly raised the stakes in the outcome of the controversy, and that illustrate how physics functions in an intensely competitive atmosphere.

    Stefan Meyer 27 April — 29 December was an Austrian physicist involved in research on radioactivity. He became director of the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna and received the Lieben Prize in for his research on radium. He went to school in Vienna and later graduated from gymnasium in Horn in He studied physics at the University of Vienna and attended the University of Leipzig for one year. His research was dedicated to magnetic permeability of liquids.

    After a talk of Friedrich Oskar Giesel — a pioneer in the research and production of radium — he obtained a sample of radium from Giesel to determine magnetic properties of the new element.

    Nobel Lectures in Physics (Vol 2a)

    Meyer and his colleague Egon von Schweidler were able to show that the Becquerel rays beta rays could be deflected by magnetic fields; this effect was discovered simultaneously by several scientists, but Meyer et al. In those cases where neither the element nor any of its available compounds were volatile, he utilized a solid product containing the element as the anode of his discharge tube.

    In almost every case the isotopic mass was a whole number within the limits of experimental accuracy 1 in The only notable exception was hydrogen, 1.

    Thus isotopy was not a rare phenomenon, as some workers had supposed, but widespread and affecting most elements. Aston was led by these integral isotopic weights to conclude that all nuclei are composed of protons of unit weight and of negligibly light electrons. The importance of precise values for the isotopic masses led Aston to design an improved mass spectrograph in , with an accuracy of 1 in 10, A later instrument gave an accuracy improved by a factor of With this refined apparatus he discovered a great many new isotopes, often present in only very small amounts in the natural element.

    Many important consequences flowed from Aston's work on the mass spectrograph. As he himself recognized, the fractional isotopic weight of hydrogen implied that if it were converted to helium substantial amounts of the mass would be converted into energy. Using Albert Einstein's relativity relationship, Aston predicted that the energy liberated in a nuclear reaction of this kind would be enormous.

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    His opinions were justified when the first atomic bomb was exploded a few months before his death. The more immediate importance of the mass spectrograph was its ability to give data on nuclear masses with great precision, thus laying the foundations of the atomic energy industry. More recently, the mass spectrometer has proved an indispensable tool for structural investigations in organic chemistry. The importance of Aston's work was quickly recognized, and in he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

    The following year he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

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    His authoritative book Isotopes first appeared in and was followed by many other editions up to His other book, Mass Spectra and Isotopes, appeared in In addition to his work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Aston made some valuable scientific contributions to the study of astronomical eclipses. In he photographed the sun's corona from Sumatra.

    He made expeditions to study the solar eclipses of and in Canada and Japan respectively, though clouds prevented direct observations.