Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research

Klaus Scherer

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Read preview. Synopsis Appraisal theory has become one of the most active aproaches in the domain of emotion psychology. The appraisal process consists of the subjective evaluation that occurs during the individual's encounter with significant events in the environment, thus determining the nature of the emotional reaction and experience.

The organism's interpretation of events and situations elicits and differentiates its emotional responses, although the exact processes involved and the limits of the theory are still a matter of debate and are currently the object of active research. This volume is intended to become the primary source of information on appraisal for all those interested in emotion, from beginning graduate students to accomplished researchers in emotion psychology.

Excerpt From early philosophical thinking up to recent psychological theorizing and research, scientific interest in emotion has mostly focused on the subjective experience and the physiological and expressive response patterns denoted by the natural language labels for different emotions. Read preview Overview.

Power Wiley, Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. Fischer, Jerome M. Gene Mutations Affect Cognition, Emotions. We use cookies to deliver a better user experience and to show you ads based on your interests. By using our website, you agree to the use of cookies as described in our Privacy Policy. Then we map systematization of ancient ideas about emotion, reflecting out some of the diversity within the family of appraisal theories. In the s this approach took on new vigor, with a number of theorists pro- Basic Description of Appraisal Theories and posing variants of appraisal theory, developing concrete pre- dictions, and testing them empirically.

This is reflected in the fact that the term emo- cal and atheoretical contexts. This special section attempts to tion is often used as shorthand for an emotional episode. In an emotional episode as involving changes in a number of this special section we discuss the design features of these organismic subsystems or components. Components include an theories, their current development, and the empirical support appraisal component with evaluations of the environment and for them, as well as unresolved issues, new developments, the person—environment interaction; a motivational component and critical objections.

Four major contributions outline the with action tendencies or other forms of action readiness; a scope of the current debate and a group of commentators pro- somatic component with peripheral physiological responses; a vide a critical echo. Email: agnes. These theorists do The emotion process is continuous and recursive. Changes in not claim that their list is exhaustive, or that it covers all one component feed back to other components. For example, people, cultures, or emotions. These may, in turn, lead to changes in but also the process of appraisal in terms of the underlying appraisal, either directly or indirectly via a change in the stimu- mechanisms, the nature of the representations on which these lus situation.

As a consequence, several emotional episodes mechanisms operate, and the degree of automaticity.

Appraisal may run in parallel. Some appraisal theories build on the notion theorists have proposed two or three mechanisms underlying of immediate efference e. The processes in each of the components do not need to be com- Dual mode views e. Many associative mechanism also called schematic mechanism , emotion theorists casually mention the term appraisal and some consisting of the activation of learned associations between rep- even describe it as a component e. The mere mention of appraisal, individual values or entire patterns. Triple mode views e. In the remainder of consisting of the activation of unlearned associations between this Introduction, we point to important differences between sensory features, hedonic feelings, and motor responses; for appraisal theories and other theories.

They believe that appraisal of the environment for well-being. Significance for well-being often proceeds automatically i.

Appraisal does not consist primarily of abstract cognitive ; Lazarus, ; Scherer, ; they include everything principles, and often involves the recognition of action that an individual cares about Frankfurt, It follows that affordances in perceived events Gibson, —the perception appraisal is inherently transactional: It involves an interaction that an event invites or suggests what one can do with it, or what between the event and the appraiser Lazarus, Unlike other emotion theories that vaguely propose that cognitions contribute to emotions Barrett, ; Russell, Role of Appraisal in Emotion ; Schachter, , appraisal theories specify the appraisal criteria or variables that are most important in dif- Like several other emotion theories, appraisal theories include ferentiating emotions.

In addition to the variables of goal appraisal as a component in the emotional episode. Unlike these relevance and goal congruence which refer to the relevance other theories, appraisal theories assign a central role to this and congruence of events for goals or, more broadly, con- component, suggesting that appraisal triggers and differentiates cerns , most appraisal theories include the variables of cer- emotional episodes through synchronic changes in other com- tainty, agency event caused by oneself, someone else, or ponents. Appraisal determines the intensity and quality of action impersonal circumstances , and coping potential or control.

This is what is not know certainty whether she can change the situation meant when appraisal theorists argue that appraisal elicits or control. Some appraisal theorists also propose that nov- causes emotions Moors, Few of these authors think that emotions. Appraisal is a process by which values are pro- appraisal is a necessary cause of changes in other components; duced for one or more appraisal variables. There is fair, but most accept instances in which the other components are deter- not complete, agreement among appraisal theorists on the mined by processes that do not qualify as appraisal.

As captured Downloaded from emr. Scherer, other components.

For theorists who include appraisal as a component in the emotional episode, appraisal is Differences among Appraisal Theories and one determinant of the feeling component. The appraisal pro- cess results in an appraisal output, that is, a representation of Unresolved Issues one or more appraisal values. This representation is unconscious In addition to the commonalities among appraisal theories by default but part of it can become conscious and hence become described before, there are issues about which there is disagree- part of the content of feelings Scherer, For theorists who ment as well as issues that are not entirely resolved.

These believe that the appraisal component shapes the motivational, issues can be divided into those that relate to the appraisal pro- somatic, and motor components, appraisal is the core determi- cess and those that relate to the relation between appraisals and nant of feelings. Appraisal theories allow variation in the num- other components. Issues related to the appraisal process can be ber of appraisals that are made appraisal variables that are divided into those that relate to the content of the appraisal pro- processed.

If only a few appraisals yield results, the emotional cess and those that relate to underlying mechanisms, representa- experience is relatively undifferentiated and global; if many tions, and operating conditions. Moreover, an emotional experience may become more complex over several recursive cycles. Appraisal Process Content of appraisal. This section discusses the number and nature of the appraisal variables postulated and the number Implications for Individual, Cultural, and of the appraisal values that are possible for each variable.

There Developmental Differences is substantial agreement on a core set of appraisal variables. Appraisal theories include hypotheses about individual, cultural, Examples are goal relevance, goal congruence also called goal and developmental differences that other theories do not conduciveness or motive consistency , certainty, coping poten- Ellsworth, If two cause. For example, some theories include nov- gruence, controllability, or any of the other appraisal variables, elty or related concepts such as suddenness, change, familiarity, their emotions will differ correspondingly.

Some include type of Appraisal patterns may also differ in different cultures. For goal Lazarus, ; Roseman, , whereas others do not example, Japanese and Americans differ in their appraisals of Scherer, Japanese are more likely to blame themselves for nega- , whereas others subsume it under the variable of goal tive outcomes and to experience shame, while Americans are congruence in combination with type of goal; Lazarus, Appraisal theories assume that there is a vari- discrete number of possible values. For example, Lazarus able relation between stimuli and emotions, but a stable relation proposed two values for goal congruence: goal congru- between appraisals and emotions.

In general, the same appraisals ence and goal incongruence. In other theories Ellsworth, ; lead to the same emotions; different appraisals lead to different Scherer, , appraisal variables are dimensional, with poten- emotions. For example, goal congruence ranges from The appraisal process also depends on the availability of entirely goal congruent to entirely goal incongruent.

In still cognitive mechanisms which unfold over phylogenetic and other theories e. Many animals can make rudimen- dimensional but the system provides anchor points so that it can tary and sometimes even quite sophisticated appraisals produce a discrete number of values. Two appraisal of appraisals based on expectancy and determines the nature of variables with two values each can account for four emotions.

The number and appraisal variables novelty, goal relevance, intrinsic valence. From Appraisal to Emotion or the Other Type of process. We mentioned that most appraisal theo- Components rists endorse a dual or triple mode view of appraisal. One set of questions involves the relations between mechanisms e. Leventhal and Scherer sug- that appraisals can also account for emotional states that are not gested that a rule-based mechanisms are often nonautomatic described by language. For example, Lazarus hypothe- and tend to operate on conceptual codes, b the associative sized that stimuli appraised as goal relevant, goal incongruent, mechanism is often automatic and typically operates on per- and difficult to cope with correspond to fear.

Some appraisal ceptual codes, and c the sensory-motor mechanism is auto- theorists have also developed and tested hypotheses about the matic and operates on sensory codes. Another set of questions involves the relationship of the con- Appraisal theories have hypotheses not only about the rela- tent of appraisal to automaticity, mechanisms, and codes. There are two broad propos- processed more or less automatically. This assumption has als. The first proposal e. Moors, This pattern determines the values of the other compo- cessed with which mechanism.

Leventhal and Scherer nents. The question arises whether a representation of an suggested that all appraisal variables can be pro- emotion must be activated, and if so, what kind of a representa- cessed with all mechanisms. On the other hand, it has been tion. The second proposal e. According to one variant of this proposal, appraisal Frijda, ; Scherer, One such issue is whether Scherer, , appraisal values have to travel via the motiva- appraisal variables are processed sequentially or in parallel.

Aspects of all these components are reflected in parallel, but preliminary values for them are produced sequen- the feeling component. Other appraisal theorists think the sequentiality assump- mechanisms underlying the influence of the components on the tion is overly restrictive.

Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research

Ellsworth , Frijda , and Scherer A further set of questions focuses on the implementation of have suggested that the content of feelings represents an appraisal in the brain. One question is whether appraisal varia- integration of several or all the other components.

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Unresolved bles are tied to specific neural substrates or whether appraisal issues are the extent to which aspects of each component are variables describe the content of information that is processed centrally represented, their weight in determining the overall by content-independent mechanisms. Some appraisal research- quality of the feelings, and the extent to which they are experi- ers search for neural substrates that are specific for appraisal enced holistically or keep a certain amount of granularity.

They show Lambie and Marcel argue this to be strongly dependent that regions e.

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Appraisal-driven somatovisceral response patterning: Effects of intrinsic pleasantness and goal conduciveness. Appraisal theory was proposed Arnold, and developed Biological Psychology, 79, — Lazarus, to explain how different emotions may emerge Barrett, L. Variety is the spice of life: A psychological construc- tionist approach to understanding variability in emotion.

Appraisal processes do so by using information Clore, G. Nadel, R. Ahern Eds. Appraisal processes and the information nitive neuroscience of emotion pp. The expression of the emotions in man and animals.

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