Climate-Resilient Development: Participatory solutions from developing countries

Participatory Planning for Climate Compatible Development in Maputo, Mozambique

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Effective approaches to foster private sector involvement for forest-based adaptation involve: 1 capturing as far as possible all the multiple forest landscape values i. GCF is already supporting actions that incentivize resilient forest-based value chains as part of a wider landscape approach, as well as climate change mitigation interventions that demonstrate their effects on building resilience. Case study: Development of Argan orchards in degraded environments in Morocco Mitigation potential: , tonnes of CO2 equivalent avoided Beneficiaries: 26, direct and indirect beneficiaries Total funding: USD These native and endemic forests are key ecosystems for sustaining the livelihoods of rural communities in this desertified area.

This innovative project, proposed by the Agency of Agricultural Development of Morocco, seeks to increase their resilience by enhancing the value of the forest stands through the establishment of 10, hectares with Argan trees under orchards i. Ecosystems and ecosystem services Ecosystem services form the foundation of all endeavours of human society, from providing fresh water, to supporting agriculture, fisheries, timber from forests, waste processing, and cultural and aesthetic values.

The thematic area covers all ecosystems and ecosystem services, minimizing the impact of climate change on the provision of these essential services to all humanity. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

As there are thematic areas within the GCF Results Management Framework specifically addressing agriculture and food security, forest and land use, and water, the emphasis in this thematic area is on natural or less intensively managed environments. With increasing impacts of climate change, there is growing concern about the provisioning of ecosystem services in the future.

Natural Capital Accounting NCA is an effective tool that can communicate the value of ecosystem services to the public and decision-makers. NCA makes the value of ecosystem services explicit, identifying and quantifying the contributions of these services to the national economy so that considerations of ecosystem health and quality can be assessed and evaluated in the same framework as other indicators.

NCA can also provide better measurement of progress, informing a range of policies as well as public perception. Taking account of ecosystems and their services promotes integrated adaptation rather than maladaptation, going beyond damage control and contributing to building resilience to climate change.

Case study: Scaling up climate resilient water management practices for vulnerable communities in La Mojana, Colombia Beneficiaries: , beneficiaries Total financing: USD Past development efforts focused on making the land productive and regulating the flow of the river, but climate change is impacting the hydrology, leading alternately to prolonged droughts that are not buffered by the former wetland, and flooding during the rainy season that is threatening downstream urban areas.

Restoring the natural wetland functioning as a sponge, soaking up water, safeguards the livelihoods of the local communities through an improved availability of fresh water throughout the dry season and reduced flooding downstream. The interventions are all based on Ecosystem-based Adaptation, leading to more resilient communities.

Water security is the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable and resilient access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being and socioeconomic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.

Most developing countries face water-related challenges, either due to sea level rise, melting glaciers and permafrost, changing rainfall patterns and extreme events, floods, or droughts and desertification. Significant challenges need to be addressed in water resource management, efficiency of use, agricultural irrigation practices, wastewater treatment and sanitation.

It is estimated that there will be a 40 percent gap between water demand and water availability by , exacerbated by climate change. Paradigm shifts towards climate-resilient water management will require a range of actions across the whole water sector. These include ensuring water use efficiency and demand management; cross-sectoral water management at basin level with conjunctive use of rainwater, surface water and groundwater; as well as innovative financing and technology. Furthermore, GCF aims to stimulate private sector investment in water resources development and in water supply and sanitation, focusing particularly on less developed countries and the SIDS.

GCF also supports the scaling-up of innovative technologies and financing models. To ensure investments for systemic change, GCF can: - Finance multi-purpose infrastructure that is climate-resilient and reduces disaster risk; - Stimulate private sector participation by derisking investment in water, using GCF guarantee instruments to bridge gaps in financing, supporting profitability of water sector projects; and - Support disaster-risk insurance applications in the water sector. To create an enabling environment for climate resilience in the water sector, GCF seeks to: - Promote IWRM, building synergies to ensure water-energy-food security; - Manage water demand via cost-reflective pricing, regulation and consumer awareness; and - Promote national, basin and coastal zone planning, particularly in LDCs and SIDS.

Finally, GCF aims to leverage co-financing in the water sector by: - Pursuing active partnerships with international finance institutions and multinational. This project, co-financed by the Asian Development Bank and implemented by the Government of Kiribati, will reduce the climate vulnerability of the entire population of South Tarawa through increased water security by providing them with a reliable, safe and climate-resilient water supply.

This will be achieved through the construction of a 4, m3 desalination plant, a solar photovoltaic system to provide low-emission power for the water supply network, and water supply network upgrades to reduce non-revenue water. Still, international community discussions on benchmarking solutions and financing remain fragmented.

GCF is ready to help create climateresilient infrastructure solutions, and to mobilize resources to co-finance transformative infrastructure investments in developing countries. Climate change poses significant and increasing challenges for infrastructure, especially when it fails to account for climate risks and hazards.

Territorial Approach to Climate Change (TACC)

This often results in reduced asset lifetimes, higher capital expenditure and running costs, loss of income, and the increased risk of environmental damage in infrastructure projects. Furthermore, ill-planned infrastructure systems for transportation, energy or water can induce greenhouse gas emissions within their value chains, with long-term negative implications due to lock-ins.

At the same time, there is still room for improvement worldwide in benchmarking construction solutions against climate hazards and sharing successful examples. There is also a lot to be done to develop de-risking standards for private investors, to enhance their partnership in adapting infrastructure to the changing climate. Current private investment endeavours refer mainly to mitigation, focusing on renewable energy and to a lesser extent incorporating energy efficiency. Developing climate-resilient infrastructure expertise needs to start with engineering solutions, construction codes and technical protocols.

To create benchmarks, these endeavours will need to be proven in scale, as being resilient against a certain frequency and strength of climate hazards.

The insurance industry also needs to complement these efforts In addition, technology transfer protocols will come into play, enabling developing countries to introduce new construction techniques. Once sufficient technical expertise is gathered and tested, solutions on de-risking guidance can be advanced. Fostering knowledge derived from the co-operation of a variety of experts including engineers, lawyers, project managers and financial specialists will lead to further derisking.

Underwriting tool-kits need to be created. Such financial facilitation will unlock investment in infrastructure to embrace adaptation elements. Resource efficiency prescribes an integrated approach as the most desired option to climateresilient infrastructure development. Whenever an infrastructure intervention is approached, it should comprise all the necessary climate provisions in the particular context, for example, against strong winds, flooding, and salt water intrusion in a coastal setting.

Mutuallycomplementary advances in energy efficiency and the introduction of renewable energy sources should be combined to reduce future emissions.

Market for Climate Resilience in Latin America, Africa and Asia [NDF C81]

While GCF has previously funded investments for climate-resilient infrastructure, further support and evolution is required to pursue a transformative resilience approach to infrastructure. Lessons can be learned from nonGCF infrastructure projects such as the reconstruction of the Slussen lock in Stockholm, which showcases elements of climate-resilient infrastructure.

References

The new facility incorporates elements of climate. It is one of the first projects based on Real Option Analysis, which is an analytical approach to investment decisions on energy, stocks, plant, and other factors that allows flexibility taking uncertainty into account. The project includes stronger foundations and lighter superior construction. At the same time, the new construction will also serve as a green, welcoming space for citizens, and this will be facilitated by the extensive re-design of transport.

Soft measures related to early warning systems will be incorporated to assure the most stringent safety measures and protocols.

As GCF continues to grow and learn from other projects, GCF will support further development of the climate-resilient approach to unlock the potential for infrastructure stocks, taking full account of climate risks as well as emissions impact. Infrastructure is especially prioritized in the project pipelines of the SIDS.

GCF seeks to further its support to demonstration projects and programmes that work along the infrastructure value chain and build resilience through complementary initiatives with other sectors, rather than stand-alone interventions. The global population is projected to reach 9. As cities and populations are some of the main drivers of anthropogenic climate change, addressing these issues requires fundamental system changes. GCF is seeking to support further action in areas with the greatest potential leverage effects for the urban transformation towards sustainability.

Efforts to invest in climate-compatible cities may deliver impacts related to emission reductions from transport and waste, as well as buildings, urban systems, industries and appliances. They will also support adaptation by helping to strengthen the resilience of livelihoods of urban communities and will increase the resilience of urban infrastructure while reducing associated emissions. The urban transformation towards sustainability and resilience requires changes in land-use, waste management, energy and transport systems, industry and management of materials and material flows, urban settlement policies, and the resilient structural-spatial design of cities.

Demands on urban infrastructure development are significant: new homes and infrastructure will have to be built at a great speed for approximately 2. About 85 percent of the demand for new housing is expected in emerging economies. The great challenge will be to make the right decisions to ensure that Resilience building is a key public policy tool.

Weaker public institutions and the comparably poorer track record of public policy implementation means there is a need for systems-based approaches that build capacities in multiple sectors. The new threats and stresses from globalization, migration, and emergence of new technology mean that traditional and business-as-usual interventions will be limited to unlock full potential. There is a need for a paradigm shift away from incremental approaches to infrastructure and urban development that are essentially driven by short term requirements, towards transformative changes with a strategic, long-term urban resilience.

Tying urban resilience into the complex web of urban governance is key, but current governance trends show limitations in capturing resilience well. There is a lack of integration and long-term thinking; enabling environments vary in terms of how favourable they are to urban resilience building; countries provide very different contexts and position different actors at the forefront of governance; local governments are typically in the role of service provision whereas central or regional governments have greater capacities and resources; and the links between resilience and the mandatory enforcing, provisioning, incentivizing, and enabling functions of governance are complex.

The GCF pipeline shows that there is an increasing need for urban sector investments.

Taxonomy Term List

GCF seeks to support development and improvement of transformative resilience approaches to support cities to consider mid-tolong term climate risks, and to provide a framework for creating integrated visions and platforms for de-risking. Working closely with national and local governments, promoting. The project will deliver policy and strategy support to cities to assist them to prioritize actions; facilitate green city and resilient infrastructure investments; build capacity of key stakeholders; and provide a pathway for cities to access green finance and capital markets.

This systematic approach is based on a well-developed and tested methodology to develop a Green City Action Plan, which municipalities use to steer their own green urban planning initiatives and investments and to guide monitoring, reporting and further planning. The Facility will therefore work with a range of stakeholders, from cities to national agencies, to develop the tools and skills that cities need to attract private sector finance for green investments, particularly in local capital markets.

The Facility will make available concessional financial instruments, which will be calibrated to address the incremental costs of low-carbon and climate-resilient infrastructure. Overall, GCF funding will allow the Facility to take on more ambitious investments, more effectively target innovative solutions in new market segments, and further incentivize market participants by reducing financing costs and risks. Technologies for adaptation require special consideration, and GCF is working with countries and partners across the technology cycle, from supporting research, development and demonstration to strengthening innovation systems.

GCF is mandated to support technology development and transfer in its support of the Paris Agreement, where technology and innovation are central features.

Providing support to mitigation and adaptation technologies are quite different in terms of their goals and their level of accessibility to financial support. Support for adaptation technology has been limited, although receiving increased attention. It requires a combination of both hardware and software recognizing the need to support development or improvement of innovation systems, processes, knowledge and skills required for using the technology. In Myanmar, for example, to address the national challenge in lack of access to data and information to assess and manage extreme flood and drought events, GCF has partnered with CTCN to strengthen science-based information availability and management in the country by implementing a vulnerability assessment and supporting the use of adaptation technologies.

This technical assistance seeks to facilitate transfer of technologies and improve information base for climate change adaptation decision-making, focusing on two key vulnerable sectors — agriculture and water resources. It is designed to enhance the capacity of relevant local government agencies to prevent and manage floods and droughts, through improved planning tools for building resilience to climate change. To better assist countries in formulating proposals for technology-related readiness programmes, GCF supports the identification of appropriate climate technology solutions, prioritized in accordance with national strategies and plans for climate adaptation and mitigation.

GCF also supports the market preparation and business planning for deployment and scale-up of prioritized climate The proposal seeks to promote paradigm shift to achieve resilient water demand and supply through behavioral change, appropriate governance, regulation, incentives and awareness raising, the participation of citizens and businesses in becoming more water-efficient, and the provision of sufficient and reliable water infrastructure.

Water and energy efficiency is also pursued by exploring and implementing solutions, including renewable energy technologies e. The project has built-in components for potential for learning and replication in others parts of the Caribbean. As climate effects accelerate, we all need to become increasingly attuned to how our actions affect the climate, and how we are affected by it.

How We Work

We are entering uncharted territory in terms of global temperatures and weather patterns. Our ability to adapt to new circumstances will be tested to the utmost, and adaptation is rapidly becoming the new imperative. Climate-related ways of thinking, seeing and acting will gradually need to become embedded within the very fabric of our society, as with all paradigm shifts. GCF is working with governments, private sector and communities across the world to build examples of green and climate-resilient realities and seeks, in the process, to be a truly game-changing fund.

As discussed in this paper, the central goal of GCF is to promote a paradigm shift towards climateresilient development. This means embracing both adaptation the ability to change in response to changing circumstances and resilience the ability to recover from disasters.

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