The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics)

Ваш IP-адрес заблокирован.

---

Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics) file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics) book. Happy reading The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics) Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics) at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF The Economics of Karl Marx: Analysis and Application (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics) Pocket Guide.

With dialectics, changes and interaction are brought into focus and emphasized by being viewed as essential parts of whatever institutions and processes are undergoing change and interaction. In this way, the system of capitalism, the wider context, is never lost sight of when studying any event within it, an election or an economic crisis for example; nor are its real past and future possibilities, the historical context, ever neglected when dealing with how something appears in the present.

Whatever Marx's subject of the moment, his dialectical approach to it insures that his fuller subject is always capitalist society as it developed and is still developing. The actual changes that occur in history are seen here as the outcome of opposing tendencies, or "contradictions", which evolve in the ordinary functioning of society. Unlike Hegel's dialectic, which operates solely on ideas, Marx's dialectic is materialist. Marx was primarily concerned with capitalism as lived rather than as thought about, but people's lives also involve consciousness.

Whereas Hegel examined ideas apart from the people who held them, Marx's materialism puts ideas back into the heads of living people and treats both as parts of a world that is forever being remade through human activities, particularly in production. In this interaction, social conditions and behavior are found to have a greater affect on the character and development of people's ideas than these ideas do on social conditions and behavior. Marx's specific theories are best understood as answers to his pointed questions about the nature and development of capitalism. How do the ways in which people earn their living affect their bodies, minds and daily lives?

In the theory of alienation, Marx gives us his answer to this question. These are owned by the capitalists to whom the workers must sell their "labor power", or ability to do work, in return for a wage. This system of labor displays four relations that lie at the core of Marx's theory of alienation: 1 The worker is alienated or cut off from his or her productive activity, playing no part in deciding what to do or how to do it.

Someone else, the capitalist, also sets the conditions and speed of work and even decides if the worker is to be allowed to work or not, i. This applies not only to relations with the capitalists, who use their control over the worker's activity and product to further their own profit maximizing interests, but also to relations between individuals inside each class as everyone tries to survive as best he can. Through labor which alienates them from their activity, product and other people, workers gradually lose their ability to develop the finer qualities which belong to them as members of the human species.

The cutting of these relationships in half leaves on one side a seriously diminished individual physically weakened, mentally confused and mystified, isolated and virtually powerless. On the other side of this separation are the products and ties with other people, outside the control and lost to the understanding of the worker. Unknowingly, the worker has constructed the necessary conditions for reproducing his own alienation.

The world that the worker has made and lost in alienated labor reappears as someone else's private property which he only has access to by selling his labor power and engaging in more alienated labor. Though Marx's main examples of alienation are drawn from the life of workers, other classes are also alienated to the degree that they share or are directly effected by these relations, and that includes the capitalists. What is the effect of the worker's alienated labor on its products, both on what they can do and what can be done with them?

Smith and Ricardo used the labor theory of value to explain the Cost of commodities.

For them, the value of any commodity is the result of the amount of labor time that went into its production. Marx took this explanation more or less for granted. His labor theory of value, however, is primarily concerned with the more basic problem of why goods have prices of any kind. Only in capitalism does the distribution of what is produced take place through the medium of markets and prices.

In slave society, the slave owner takes by force what his slaves produce, returning to them only what he wishes.

While in feudalism, the lord claims as a feudal right some part of what is produced by his serfs, with the serfs consuming the rest of their output directly. In both societies, most of what is produced cannot be bought or sold, and therefore, does not have any price. In accounting for the extraordinary fact that everything produced in capitalist society has a price, Marx emphasizes the separation of the worker from the means of production whereas slaves and serfs are tied to their means of production and the sale of his or her labor power that this separation makes necessary.

The prophet of Davos

To survive, the workers, who lack all means to produce, must sell their labor power. In selling their labor power, they give up all claims to the products of their labor. Hence, these products become available for exchange in the market, indeed are produced with this exchange in mind, while workers are able to consume only that portion of their products which they can buy back in the market with the wages they are paid for their labor power.

Rather than a particular price, value stands for the whole set of conditions which are necessary for a commodity to have any price at all.

Marxian Economics

It is in this sense that Marx calls value a product of capitalism. The ideal price "exchange value" of a commodity and the ways in which it is meant to he used "use value" likewise exhibit in their different ways the distinctive relationships Marx uncovered between workers and their activities, products and other people in capitalist society. Through alienation, the relations between workers has been reduced to the quantity of labor that goes into their respective products.

Only then can these products exchange for each other at a ratio which reflects these quantities. It is this which explains Smith's and Ricardo's finding that the value of a commodity is equal to the amount of labor time which has gone into its production.

Surplus-value, the third aspect of value, is the difference between the amount of exchange and use value created by workers and the amount returned to them as wages. Karl Marx would have celebrated his th birthday in His criticism of capitalism appears even more pertinent today amidst climate crisis, chronical unemployment and global inequality. A reason for Mathias Greffrath to look back and re-read.

Karl Marx — he was, on the one hand, the theorist of history whose theories have today largely gained acceptance. No work of social science has so strongly fuelled intellectual debate in the last years and exercised so powerful an effect on politics. But precisely for this reason no other theory has been so obdurately ignored by mainstream economics, especially in the years of the rivalry between global systems.

Today, after the end of the Cold War and in the age of climate crisis, of chronic underemployment, of global inequality, of financial speculation and of weak growth, it has long been not only surviving leftists who talk of the end of capitalism. But the actors in this economy, the capitalists, are driven men: at the risk of bankruptcy, they must develop the productive forces, perpetuate innovation, press out of the workers as much output as possible and exploit the raw materials of the earth as rationally as possible so as to transform them into commodities.

Navigation menu

Thus capitalism creates the conditions for a world without want and hunger. Some facts that explain why the German thinker still fascinates people all over the world today. At the end of Kapital , Marx sketches one possible conclusion of this story: the concentration of capital and the dynamics of globalization widen the gap between obscene wealth and miserable poverty to the point of the unbearable; private property shackles the emancipatory possibilities inherent in technology.

This then leads to revolutions and the socialization of the productive forces. But above all it comes from the comprehensive view of the economic process: while the models of the scientific mainstream essentially reduce the economy to the market process, the Marxian presentation links together the profit mechanism, the development of technology, working conditions, social conflicts and the cultural consequences of the commodity economy into a vast, cogent narrative of capitalist dynamics, down to its possible end. This underlies an often unappreciated aspect of economics: the emotions and political activity of the actors involved.

A corollary of this argument was later made by French economist Thomas Piketty, who proposed that while nothing was wrong with income inequality in an economic sense, it could create blowback against capitalism among the people. Thus, there is a moral and anthropological consideration of any economic system. The idea that societal structure and transformations from one order to the next can be the result of technological change in how things are produced in an economy is known as historical materialism.

Investopedia uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. By using Investopedia, you accept our. Your Money. Personal Finance. Your Practice. Popular Courses. Login Newsletters. Economics Behavioral Economics. Table of Contents Expand. Who Was Karl Marx?

Marx's Inspiration. Marx's Social Economic Systems. Marx's Historical Materialism.

9.2—Changing Economies

Using Marx as a Foundation. His Early Life. Personal Life. Famous Works. Contemporary Influence. The Labor Theory of Value. To Social Transformation.

• Control in Generative Grammar: A Research Companion
• Pursuit of power : NASAs Propulsion Systems Laboratory no. 1 and 2
• National Systems of Transport Infrastructure Planning: Report of the One Hundred and Twenty Eight Round Table on Transport Econmics Held In Paris on 26th-27th February 2004 (Ecmt Round Tables)
• Discipline With Dignity: New Challenges, New Solutions, 3rd Edition
• J. K. Rowling: A Biography (Greenwood Biographies)