Empire of the Mongols (Great Empires of the Past)

Empires and slave-trading left their mark on our genes

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The six maps show China at selected periods in history. It was fought between the Shang and the Zhou, a frontier people from the valleys to the west of the Shang area. King Wu of Zhou , one the great early Zhou kings, led the Zhou army to a ford of the Yellow River where he met with local leaders. He crossed the river and approached the Shang capital, but then turned back, influenced by signs from heaven.

Two years later, he set out again. The Zhou forces and their allies - 45, troops and chariots it was said - marched through flat terrain to Mu Ye, where the Shang army assembled to face the Zhou. The Book of Songs , one of China's first books, said:. But the Zhou army quickly defeated the Shang forces, and Di Xin the last emperor of the Shang committed suicide.

A bronze was discovered in in Shaanxi province, which had an inscription on it about the battle of Mu Ye. The inscription is the earliest of the Zhou period, and confirmed that the account given in historical texts was true. Beijing was one of the five capitals of the Khitans , a semi-nomadic people, who set up the Liao dynasty.

The Khitan Liao emperors ruled much of north China for over two hundred years. Beijing was their 'Southern Capital'. The city had an enclosed imperial area and a palace, and ward divisions, which had been established during the earlier Tang period.

The major markets were in the northern part of town. The Khitans spoke a Mongolian language. In some Liao cities, the Liao people lived in tents inside the walls.

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Khitan women went hunting, could divorce their husbands, and could hold government and military posts. The Khitan Liao were often in conflict with Song China.

RISE OF THE MING DYNASTY

Some relics of the Liao capital can still be seen in today's Beijing, including include San Miao Road which is one of the oldest streets in the city, the Niujie mosque, founded in , and Tianning Temple, built in the s. Beijing is the capital of China, with a population today of over 20 million people. The name 'Beijing' means 'Northern Capital'. In Confucius's time, Beijing had been capital of the state of Yan. When China was conquered by the Mongols in the late s, Beijing became the capital of the whole of China for the first time. Ming Emperor Yongle , who took the throne in , decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.

Building the city took nearly twenty years, with materials brought from all over China. The new palace compound, where the Emperor lived with his family and official business was carried out, was called the Forbidden City. There were hundreds of rooms, including palaces, ceremonial halls, secretarial offices, kitchens, barracks, servants' quarters and storehouses. The Forbidden City lay at the heart of a walled government district called the Imperial City, which included lakes and gardens and a zoo with tiger enclosure and a leopard house.

The new palace was inaugurated on New Year's Day To bring rice to Beijing from the south, the Grand Canal was dredged and new locks built. Most ordinary inhabitants of Beijing lived in courtyard houses along small winding alleys, some of which still survive today, and which since the Mongol days have been known by the Mongol term ' hutong '. Beijing has been the capital of China almost without break ever since Yongle's reign. The Forbidden City is the world's largest palace complex. Chang'an was the capital of Tang China. Today is it known as Xi'an.

The area had been the homeland of the Zhou warriors who conquered China's Bronze Age Shang dynasty, and the First Emperor of Qin had built his capital here, as did the rulers of the Han , Sui and Tang dynasties. Chang'an was regarded by the people of Tang China as the centre of the world.

A cosmopolitan city in which Turkic peoples, Tibetans, Persians, Syrians, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Jewish and Arabic people could be found, it had Zoroastrian temples, Christian churches, Islamic mosques, as well as Buddhist and Daoist monasteries and other Chinese temples. The Tang law code controlled traffic in the city.

Anyone caught speeding — riders or coachmen who galloped their horses or raced their carriages down a street into a crowd of people - was punished by fifty blows, and if they killed someone, they could be executed. If the coachman had a good excuse, such as urgently calling a doctor, or delivering an imperial decree, might be spared from punishment. Changchun , a city in northeast China, was the capital of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo from to Before the Sino-Japanese War of , Changchun was a small town on the grasslands at the Manchurian frontier, with various handicraft industries including felt-making and an indigo dye works.

Changchun was transformed by the coming of the railways. The Russians built a settlement at Changchun in , a simple town for the railway laborers, with a few commercial buildings, a workers' club and a chapel. In , Japan built a new commercial settlement at Changchun, constructing impressive public buildings, including a railway station, a fine post office, the grand Yamato Hotel, and the railway administration building, which had flush toilets and steam heating.

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Manchuria was the world's leading producer of soybeans in the s and s, and Changchun became a major centre of the trade. In , Changchun went through another transformation when it became capital of Japan's puppet state of Manchukuo. The city was transformed into a modern capital, with wide boulevards, a government ministry district, smart residential suburbs, an airfield, and a golf driving range.

Visitors to Changchun can still visit the Manchukuo Imperial Palace, where the puppet emperor's study and bedroom and temple, as well as his wife's and concubine's rooms have been recreated. Erlitou is an archaeological site in Henan province. Discoveries from the Erlitou site have convinced some archaeologists that it was the capital of China's first dynasty, the semi-mythical Xia. Two large rammed-earth platforms have been found, which were probably palaces - grand buildings consisting of large halls with verandas and a roofed corridor around the whole complex - as well as bronze workshops, several hundred graves, and numerous objects made of bronze, pottery, jade, stone, bone and lacquer.

Fengyang is a county in the Huai River Plain, famous for being the place where the first emperor of the Ming was born. The region was one of the poorest areas of China. When the first emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang , was a boy, the area was ravaged by drought, famine and plague. Zhu's family were very poor peasants. Zhu's parents died, and he became a beggar monk. Uprisings broke out, led by poor farming people who bound their heads with red cloth headbands - hence their name 'the Red Turbans' - and began killing officials and pillaging towns.

Zhu joined a rebel army, and in an astonishing rise to power, over the course of a few years defeated all rivals and set up his new dynasty, the Ming.

Mongol Empire

After he became emperor, he ordered that his old home town should be rebuilt into a second capital city, and thousands of families were supposed to move there. But the plan was abandoned. Throughout the Ming and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhu Yuanzhang's home region remained a poor place.

People said that because one person from there, Zhu Yuanzhang, had risen from beggar to emperor, he had taken all the good fengshui - good fortune - and there was nothing left for anyone else. Fuzhou , a port city on China's south coast, was a major shipbuilding and engineering centre during China's Self Strengthening movement in the late s.

In , Fuzhou was opened to foreign trade, according to the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing. Fuzhou Dockyard was established in , with French support, as part of China's Self-Strengthening movement which aimed to revitalise China through learning from the west. The dockyard's first ship, a steam-powered warship with six guns, was launched in , and named the 'Wannian Qing' or 'Ten-Thousand-Year Qing Dynasty'.

An academy was also set up to train naval officers and engineers. Courses on shipbuilding were given by French instructors, and navigation was taught by English experts.

Genghis Khan

By , China's Fuzhou-based Southern Fleet was one of four fleets in China, which altogether had 50 modern warships. The Grand Canal, built under the Sui Dynasty, is over miles long and is the world's longest man-made waterway. Canals had been dug in China since the days of the First Emperor of Qin, but the Sui Grand Canal was on a much grander scale than anything previously built.

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