Taxing Freedom in Thessalian Manumission Inscriptions

Hemeroteca

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You can get Free shipping on fulfilled by Souq items if the total fulfilled by Souq items in your cart equals or exceed EGP. No, you will enjoy unlimited free shipping when you have the total amount for the added fulfilled by Souq items to your cart is above or equal EGP. In Taxing Freedom Rachel Zelnick-Abramovitz examines manumission inscriptions from Hellenistic and Roman Thessaly, which record payments made to the poleis by manumitted slaves. In this original study the author explores the purpose of and the motivation behind these payments, apparently exacted as. In this original study the author explores the purpose of and the motivation behind these payments, apparently exacted as a federal impost, and places them in a wider historical and economic context.

Based on a close examination of the epigraphic and literary evidence, Taxing Freedom offers important insights into the nature and extent of slavery and manumission in Hellenistic and Roman Thessaly, the Thessalian fiscal machinery, and the ways by which Thessalian poleis intervened in the economic life of their citizens to secure revenues.

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Buy it Again. Make sure to buy your groceries and daily needs Buy Now. Let us wish you a happy birthday! Date of Birth. Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year The inscription, issued in the sixth century bc, is a decree in honour of two citizens, bestowing on them and their offspring exemption ateleia from some taxes; it was re-inscribed in the first century bc probably by descen- dents of the original beneficiaries.

From the original decree Side A only the text of last line, repeated inthe later decree Side B , survives. The extant text gives only the list of taxes from which the family was not exempted. Line 6 of the inscription mentions the andrapodonie , which probably was a tax on the sale of slaves.

Together with the other taxes men- tioned one on the use of weights and measures, one on horses, and two others whose nature is not clear , this tax attests to Kyzikos financial policy and representation between the northern states demand to treat slaves as property and the southern states demand to count them as people, which would win them larger represen- tation in Congress; under this compromise, only three-fifths of the slave population were counted. See Einhorn Mordtman, Hermes 15 , To pay the fiftieth part and the payer of the fiftieth part: those merchants who pay the fiftieth-part tax on goods and slaves brought to the Piraeus from another country.

And this is called to pay the fiftieth part. And those who exact the tax are called pentekostologoi. As we saw above, discussing the various types of household manage- ment oikonomia and the forms of revenues appropriate to each type, Pseudo-Aristotle provides in the second book of the Economics a collection of cases exemplifying the means adopted in the past by certain statesmen to replenish the treasury Oec. Some of these measures were 36 See the comments of Mordtman, Hermes 15 , ; Nomima 32, p.

Wester- mann , 4, notes that this inscription indicates that slavery increased in importance in the sixth century bc.

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Andreades , , believes that in Athens the tax was imposed on the import and export of slaves. According to Thuc. Some other examples given by the author relate to slaves. Thus the people of Mende, , , ,. He also raised money by urging the owners of any slaves in the camp to register them at whatever value they wished, but at the same time to agree to pay himeight drachmai a year. If a slave ran away, the owner was to receive the registered value.

We cannot be sure howhistorically reliable these examples are, but they surely reflect a general perception of slaves as a kind of private property which could be used to increase the state revenues. For this passage see Migeotte , , who also dis- cusses the possible circumstances of this subscription. See also in the Introduction above. Robert, JS, , See Rostovtzeff , Habicht , Larsen , n. From at least the reign of Ptolemy II all sales and other transfers of property, including slaves, by Greeks were taxedandregisteredinthe office of the agoranomos. Thus the tax known as was imposed on transfers of property, including slaves, and is also mentioned in some papyri in the context of manumission, but other names are also attested for taxes on sales of slaves.

But as much as this interpretation is attractive and may indicate the existence of manumission tax in third-century bc Akarnania, there is no other evidence for the use of in sale-manumissions. On these clay seals see McDowell , , 64; Rostovtzeff , ; , vol. For the Roman period see Straus b, and Straus , Muhs also notes that although sale taxes at this rate are known earlier, the first attested appearance of the term enkyklion is in bc. On the various names used for taxes see Straus , 72, who explains that in slave sales the name of the tax depended on whether it was used in the title of the collector or in the text of the document.

In the latter case the variants are much more numerous andmore individualizedby elements specific tothe taxedslaves.

Onmanumission taxes in Egypt see Chapter 4 below. Likewise Pompey, Apius Claudius, and Piso imposed in Asia a poll tax on both free persons and slaves, as well as on houses. It is therefore plausible that manumission of slaves, often regarded as a transaction habitually entailing, as it were, the payment of money in exchange for free- dom and often including stipulationswould also be subject to imposts.

Yet in many cases it is not easy to determine whether money was exacted as a tax on manumission or for registration. Livy 7. Where the impost was exacted to cover registration and publication costs, we may assume that besides the financial profit the poleis wished to have a formal record of manumitted slaves. Such was the case described in Hyperides oration Against Athenogenes. But manumission made by selling the slave to a deity can also be seen as belonging to this type; see Zelnick-Abramovitz a, On manumission as a taxable transaction see also Stewart , 6.

See Zelnick- Abramovitz a, , The manumission acts recorded in these inscriptions are often arranged by years and months. Calculating by the occurrences of manumission verbs, manumission formulae X by Y , names of slaves, and mentions of payment, I count more than1, acts of manumission, grouped in more than inscriptions, to which must be added many entries not preserved on the stones.

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The inscriptions reveal that chattel slavery was an important institution in Thessaly, at least in the centuries following Flamininus reorganization of the League; as noted in the Introduction, there is also some evidence that may attest to the existence of chattel slavery in earlier times. This list holds inscriptions, recording ca. The new editions of the Thessalian manumission inscriptions planned by Richard Bouchon for the Collection Bibliothque des Ecoles franaises d Athnes et de Rome, might change the count.

As noted above, even the exact number of manumitted slaves per annum cannot be safely deduced because not all the Thessalian poleis yielded manumission inscriptions, and the extant inscriptions are often fragmentary.

Physical Analysis

Since the inscriptions discussed in this book are our sole evidence of manumission in Thessaly, it is worthwhile briefly reviewing its character- istics. According to the extant inscriptions manumission in Thessaly was secular or civil, that is, the slaves freedom was not attained by a fictive dedication or sale to a divinity as was the case in Delphi, for instance; 6 slave owners in Thessaly freed their slaves by a simple declaration, most likely in the presence of witnesses, or ordered their manumission in their last will.

Less frequently used is mostly in Perrhaibia, where it appears in the construction or - release as free. Interestingly, all these cases come fromPythion in Perrhaibia. On manumission modes see Zelnick-Abramovitz a, AE , no. SEG See also the thessalian manumission inscriptions 31 to denote manumission is it may be assumed that Pythion had its unique manumissionpractices.

However, not all the manumissionacts from Pythion mention the paramone. Where sums are mentioned in inscriptions from Pythion and Demetrias in the first century bc and laterthey vary between and drachmae. But if slaves were brought to Italy from central Greece, Thessaly could have been a supplier too, because although declared free by Flamininus it was under Roman control; yet the prices attested there are much lower. Nonetheless, the evidence we find in Thessalian inscriptions is not enough to infer any- thing conclusive about prices of freedom or prices of slaves in Thessaly as a whole.

Against this evidence, some inscriptions state that the freedom is given for free ; 16 possibly the slaves in these cases were related to their owners or distinguished themselves in some way. On the paramone as a stipulation attached to manumissions see Samuel ; Hopkins , ; Mulliez ; Zelnick-Abramovitz a, Helly See, however, Zelnick-Abramovitz , In SEG From 53 to 1 bc adult male slaves paid drachmai for full freedom as against deferred freedom ; adult females paid drachmai.

But see Duncan-Jones Thus, the sixthmanumissionact inaninscriptionfromPythion AE, , , no. When Kallistarchos was the strategos, on the nineteenth day of the month of Hippodromios, Olympia, daughter of Polystratos, and her sons Kleogenes and Polystratos, sons of Epikrates, alsoconsenting E[--] andDemophila, daughters of Epikrates, and her husband Aristomachos, son of Euelthon, and Asandros, sonof Demophila, releasedas free their slave Aristo[] according tothe law.

Ιστολόγιο βιβλικών σπουδών / Biblical Studies Blog: 17 Αυγούστου

See Babacos Yet in AE , 18, no. AE , 18, no. There is also some evidence of non-citizens manumitting in Thessalian poleis. Some of them acted using their prostates. Thus Lines of AD 11 , 58, no. But the prostates was not always dif- ferent than the manumittor even when the latter was a foreigner.

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