Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition
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It would seem from our understanding of nutrient responses that the potential for a response would be greatest in those situations where there was the greatest departure from normal performance, i. The same concept would exist with regard to potential mortality benefits in sows.
Purchase Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition - 5th Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN , Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Fourth Edition, explores the physiological roles of trace elements in human and animal nutrition. It looks at the .
One of the earliest studies reported does illustrate very clearly the potential benefit of Cr supplementation on some of these parameters. A large study 5 from Australia involving over sows Table 1 wherein supplementation of ppb Cr from CrPic resulted in a highly significant improvement in farrowing rate from Every aspect of reproductive health that was recorded was benefited by supplementation. Of particular note should be the reduction in mortality — a response consistent with the broiler observations. Numerical improvements in mortality Figure 3 were also observed in the study of Hagen et al The reduction in mortality was greater in fi rst litter sows and sows older than three parities both of which had mortality substantially greater than that of the second and third parity sows.
In this study, there were also improvements in litter size Figure 4 and wean to first service interval Figure 5. The improvements in litter size were seen for sows of all parities and the improvements in wean to first service interval were most pronounced in first parity females when the interval was greater than that of older sows. These effects have much statistical strength given the size of the study; this study utilized 48, sows that farrowed almost , litters for almost 1,, pigs.
The status of Cr is not a new question. Cr is clearly a nutrient that is essential; this is a position that has been held for over three decades by individual scientists, groups of scientists, and governmental committees. The most uniform metabolic response across species with regard to Cr deficiency symptoms that are responsive to Cr supplementation are alterations in glucose metabolism with special reference to peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. TL, Olcott BM.
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Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs. J Anim Sci ; Dietary chromium effects on tissue chromium concentrations and chromium absorption in rats.
A Nature Research Journal. Gawthorne, J. The final part of the report presents the recommendations of the experts for future activities. Buy with confidence, excellent customer service!. For these elements small workshops were convened in Washington, D. Don't have an account? Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition.
J Trace Elem in Exp Med ; 9: Studies of gestational diabetes using the pig as a model. Tumbleson Ed. Swine in Biomedical Research ; Vol. Plenum Press, New York. Bunding, IM, Davenport Jr. ME, Schooley MA. The glucose tolerance test in swine and its implications. Campbell RG. The effects of chromium picolinate on the fertility and fecundity of sows under commercial conditions. Chromium oligopeptide activates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Biochem ; Evans GW, Meyer L. Chromium picolinate increases longevity.
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Age ; Life span is increased in rats supplemented with a chromium-pyridine 2 carboxylate complex. Adv in Sci ; Res. Diabetogenic effects of pregnancy in sows on plasma glucose and insulin release. Effect of dietary chromium tripicolinate on productivity of sows under commercial conditions.
Swine Health and Production ; 8 No. Washington, D. Growth performance and carcass composition of broilers fed supplemental chromium from chromium yeast. Anim Feed Sci. Technol ; Glucose tolerance of pregnant sows is related to postnatal piglet mortality. Effects of dietary levels of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass quality and serum traits in broiler chicks. J Anim Sci a; 9: Effect of dietary excessive chromium picolinate on growth performance, nutrient utilizability and serum traits in broiler chicks. J Anim Sci b; Effects of dietary chromium picolinate on performance, egg quality, serum traits and mortality rate of brown layers.
Effect of chromium source on tissue concentration of chromium in pigs. J Anim Sci ; — Fundamentals of Nutrition 2nd Ed. Freeman and Co. Mahalko JR, Bennion M. The effect of parity and time between pregnancies on maternal hair chromium concentration. For example, supplementation of the diet of 12 adult men with more than 10 times the RDA of zinc for 5 weeks while they took in normal levels of copper led to a significant decrease in high-density-lipoprotein HDL cholesterol but no change in total cholesterol Hooper et al. This hypothesis and the controversial evidence pertaining to it are discussed in the section on copper.
The committee found no animal studies on the relationship between zinc and cardiovascular diseases. Few epidemiologic studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between exposure to zinc, especially dietary zinc, and cancer risk.
In correlation analyses, zinc levels in soil, food, or blood have been positively associated with several. In an effort to identify etiologic factors for esophageal cancer in the very-high-risk area of Linxian in Hunan Province, China, blood and hair samples from a random sample of 58 men and 53 women who had undergone esophagoscopy with biopsy were analyzed for zinc, riboflavin, and vitamin A components Thurnham et al. Zinc levels in plasma and hair were not significantly different between subjects with normal histology and those with lesions presumed to be precusors of cancer e.
No differences in zinc levels in blood and hair were found in another study of a similar random sample from a low-risk area in Shandong Province Thurnham et al. Dietary zinc was assessed in only one case-control study of cancer. Kolonel et al. Occupational studies of workers exposed to zinc by inhalation usually in the presence of other trace elements such as copper, lead, arsenic, and chromium have not implicated zinc as a risk factor for cancer Gerhardsson et al.
In many clinical studies, serum or tissue levels of zinc in cancer patients have been compared with those in controls. In most of these studies, sample sizes were small; controls were not well matched to the cases, even on age; and potential confounding factors were not considered in the analyses. The results have been mixed. In studies of patients with cancers at several different sites, investigators have found both decreased serum zinc levels in patients Atukorala et al.
In other studies, no differences were found between patients and controls Feustel and Wennrich, ; Manousos et al. In many of these studies, serum copper levels were also measured; they were generally and consistently higher in the patients than in the controls, leading to lowered zinc-to-copper ratios.
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The possibility that the zinc findings in these studies were a consequence rather than a cause of the cancers is suggested by the observation of Sharma et al. The prostate normally contains the highest concentrations of zinc in the body and is therefore of great interest in studies of zinc and cancer Hambidge et al. In several studies, investigators have compared zinc levels in prostate tissue from healthy subjects and from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH and cancer.
Zinc concentrations were lowest in carcinomatous tissue, highest in BPH tissue, and intermediate in normal tissue Feustel and Wennrich, ; Feustel et al. Zinc interacts with other trace elements and is an antagonist to copper Mertz, see discussion below under Zinc-Copper Interactions. Thus, the findings on zinc in human studies could reflect fundamental relationships between other nutrients and the diseases of interest. In general, however, human studies provide no evidence that zinc intake plays an important role in the etiology of cancer.
Investigators have reported both enhancing and retarding effects of zinc on tumor growth in animals.
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Several have suggested that a zinc-deficient diet strongly inhibits the growth of transplanted tumors and prolongs survival Barr and Harris, ; Beach et al. These findings suggest that rapidly growing tumor cells require zinc for growth. Zinc deficiency is not recommended as a therapeutic modality, however, because serious zinc deficiency, with or without concomitant malignancies, is itself lethal. In contrast to transplanted tumors, chemically induced carcinogenesis appears to be enhanced by zinc deficiency.
For example, Gabrial et al. Still other studies indicate that a zinc intake well above nutritional requirements suppresses the carcinogenesis of dimethylbenzylamine in Syrian hamsters Poswillo and Cohen, and of azo dyes in rats Duncan and Dreosti, The two different effects of zinc deficiency on carcinogenesis were elucidated in a study by Beach et al. Mice fed marginal and moderately zinc-deficient diets had greater sarcoma growth than did control mice, whereas those fed a diet severely deficient in zinc had a lower incidence of and smaller sarcomas.
Feeding low-zinc diets for 6 weeks before MSV injection caused fewer sarcomas to be initiated and slower progression of the tumors. After sufficient severity and duration of zinc deprivation, mice also had a longer tumor latency and shorter tumor regression time.
Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition
Zinc deprivation has been shown to alter many facets of immunocompetence in experimental animals Beach et al. Thus, alterations in host immunologic function through zinc deprivation may contribute to changes in host-tumor interactions. However, zinc is also known to influence many aspects of host and tumor metabolism, including nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and tissues in the phase of rapid growth are most severely affected by zinc deprivation Hurley, Thus, zinc is also necessary for tumor growth.
Altered DNA synthesis by neoplastic tissue contributes to the inhibition of tumor growth in zinc-deficient animals. Zinc deficiency also causes chromosome aberrations in pregnant and fetal rats Bell et al.