Desert locust management: a time for change

Locust plagues point to grim future of climate change
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Contents:

  • Serotonin Makes Locusts Swarm
  • Locust commotion
  • Locusts and remote sensing: a review
  • Introduction
  • Taking advantage
  • Documents & Reports
  • Recommended for you

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    Serotonin Makes Locusts Swarm

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    Locust commotion

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    Controlling the Ancient Scourge

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    Locusts and remote sensing: a review

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    Introduction

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    Taking advantage

    For instance, among the phase-related traits in locusts, nymphal colouration can be considered a kind of a reaction norm 31 , Our study suggests that this physiological machinery has been phylogenetically conserved throughout the diversification of Schistocerca. Nodal support was evaluated using 1, replications of rapid bootstrapping implemented in RAxML. We thank Gil Wizen for allowing us to use his image in the figure, and Gregory Sword and two anonymous reviewers for reviewing an early draft of the manuscript. In Locust Watch's latest update , from May 15, three countries were put on the second highest level of alert — Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan — and control teams have been operating to curb the infestations before the young hoppers become voracious adults by the end of the month. Descriptions of new genera and species of fossil Saltatoria Orthoptera.

    A inability or language can explore the presented media. Based on such analyses of the behaviour of locusts of known phase reared in crowded or isolated conditions for many generations , a binary logistic regression model is built which coalesces disparate behavioural characters into a single metric P greg that defines the behavioural phase state [ 15 , 16 , 30 ].

    A P greg of 0 means that a locust behaves solitariously, whereas a P greg of 1 indicates fully gregarious behaviour. This statistical model can then be applied to locusts of unknown behavioural phase state to determine their P greg on the basis of their behaviour when introduced into the arena. In this way, transitional states between the two extremes can be quantified so that a direct link can be made between changes in the central nervous system CNS and behaviour.

    Changes from solitarious to gregarious behaviour occur rapidly and are mediated by serotonin.

    Documents & Reports

    A Behaviour of a solitarious locust top and a gregarious locust bottom in the test arena is shown. A group of gregarious locusts is presented behind a clear, perforated wall to the right. Shown are representative tracks over ten minutes. After an initial jump, the solitarious locust moves slowly away from the group of locusts and spends a large proportion of the time motionless. The gregarious locust covers much more ground, spends a significant period close to the locust group and is rarely still.

    B Long-term solitarious and long-term gregarious locusts differ markedly in the amounts of key neurotransmitters and neuromodulators found in the CNS. Data from solitarious locusts blue are expressed as multiples of the amount found in gregarious red CNS error bars are standard errors of the mean. C Time course of changes in serotonin in different brain regions during the entire phase change process, from the initial separation of long-term gregarious locusts through up to three generations of isolation, followed by increasing durations of crowding of long-term solitarious locusts; optic lobes blue , central brain red , thoracic ganglia green.

    Data for B and C are from [ 36 ]. D Serotonin is i necessary and ii sufficient to induce behavioural gregarization. In ii , serotonin or saline was topically applied to the thoracic ganglia for two hours in the complete absence of gregarizing stimuli; serotonin promoted gregarious behaviour. E Diagrammatic summary of the behavioural gregarization pathway and the role of serotonin as revealed by pharmacological manipulations such as those shown in D.

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    If solitarious locusts are forced into a crowd so that they cannot escape from each other, then there is a rapid reconfiguration of behaviour towards gregariousness [ 31 ]. Locusts crowded for just two to four hours behave indistinguishably in the arena from locusts that have been gregarious for many generations. There are two distinct but equally effective sensory pathways that drive this rapid change [ 16 , 30 ]. First, the combined sight and smell of other locusts and both kinds of stimulus must be present, or no behavioural change occurs [ 32 , 33 ]: the cerebral pathway.

    Second, repeated stimulation of specific hind leg mechanoreceptors, which can be induced experimentally with a small paintbrush or naturally by jostling with other locusts [ 34 , 35 ]: the thoracic pathway. The connections that the sensory neurons of these receptors make with particular elements of the local circuits that control limb movements are known in detail [ 18 ].

    An invaluable insight into the effect crowding or gregarizing stimuli have on the CNS was provided by a study analysing changes in the neurochemistry of the CNS as locusts change from one phase to the other [ 36 ]. Eight of these substances were more abundant in both the brain and the thoracic ganglia of long-term solitarious locusts than in long-term gregarious ones, and three were less abundant Figure 3B.

    Crowding larval solitarious locusts led to rapid changes in six of these substances within the first 24 hours, by which time gregarious behaviour is already being expressed Figure 3C. Only serotonin, however, showed a dramatic increase in the first four hours of crowding, the critical period during which gregarious behaviour is established. This increase was confined to the thoracic ganglia and could be induced by either the thoracic or the cerebral gregarizing pathway [ 30 ]. After crowding solitarious nymphs for a whole larval stage, the amounts of all chemicals except octopamine were similar to those of long-term gregarious locusts.

    The converse process of isolating larval gregarious locusts also led to rapid changes in seven chemicals equal to or even exceeding the differences seen between long-term solitarious and gregarious locusts.

    Recommended for you

    Desert locust management: a time for change (English). Abstract. Plagues of the desert locust are occurring, on average, one year in every six. Highly mobile. Plagues of the desert locust are occurring, on average, one year in every six. At the same time, it appears that a lack of preparedness on the part of all major.

    These measurements show that the levels of many neuroactive substances in the CNS change and reflect the time course of behavioural and physiological phase change. The rapid transient increase in serotonin precedes these changes during behavioural gregarization and led us to a closer examination of its role. A series of experiments have shown that serotonin is both necessary and sufficient to induce initial behavioural gregarization [ 30 ] Figures 3D and 3E.

    First, the extent of gregarious behaviour induced by different periods of crowding was positively correlated with the amount of serotonin in the thoracic ganglia. Locusts showing the most gregarious behaviour had three times the amount of serotonin than those showing solitarious behaviour. Second, injecting the serotonin receptor antagonists ketanserin and methiothepin into the thoracic CNS prevented the acquisition of gregarious behaviour. Third, topical application of serotonin onto the thoracic ganglia induced gregarious behaviour Figure 3D ii.

    In both these experiments, the locusts had never encountered another locust prior to be being placed in the test arena.

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    Finally, facilitating endogenous serotonin synthesis by the injection of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan amplified the effect of gregarizing stimuli presented for a brief period. Once gregarious behaviour is acquired, however, it is not maintained by serotonin. The initial spike of serotonin decays within 24 hours, so long-term gregarious locusts have less than half the amount of serotonin in their CNS compared with long-term solitarious locusts. Moreover, gregarious behaviour maintains the gregarious phenotype but is itself highly labile.

    Newly gregarious locusts that have been crowded for 24 hours lose their gregarious behaviour after only 4 hours of reisolation [ 31 ], but locusts that have been in the gregarious phase for many generations only become behaviourally solitarious after days of isolation.