Important bodies for the legal framework in the Netherlands for re- registration of all medical physicians are, first, the College Geneeskundige Specialismen CGS which sets the rules for re- registrations and all medical training centres. These rules must be approved by the Minster of Healthcare, Welfare and Sports. Thereafter they have the status of a law. This body is responsible for enforcement of the rules set by the CGS. These are defined as 1 knowledge, skills and performance; 2 safety and quality; 3 communication, partnership and teamwork; and 4 maintaining trust.
The assessment process is based upon an annual appraisal carried out by trained peer appraisers. Each annual appraisal contributes to a five-year revalidation cycle, which, if completed successfully, results in a relicensing recommendation. Clinicians are expected to collect a portfolio comprising six types of supporting evidence to be discussed at least once during the five-year appraisal cycle:.
In addition, certified specialists and GPs around can apply for 2 merit awards of euros per year. Reimbursement is verified by a specific board.
All specialists and GPs are clinical and educational supervisors. While all local societies are active in CPD, the Malta College of Family Doctors has introduced a programme of CPD necessary for continued membership of the college, in an effort to encourage doctors in private practice to participate. There are no financial incentives for this category of around GPs apart from tax-deductable expenses. A minority are involved as tutors for students and trainees. The present voluntary CPD is verified mainly by financial accountability.
However, there has been scepticism about peer appraisal and examinations. CPD appears to be alive and healthy in Malta in a voluntary system with financial incentives, although some doctors in private practice may not participate. The mood in Malta appears to be changing with a majority of practitioners favouring a mandatory system, as long as it is restricted to a minimum number of CME points per year, and a minimum number of hours per week.
There has long been an unwritten contract between society and the medical profession in which commitment to lifelong learning ensures that doctors maintain a safe and high standard of health care [ 3 ]. OM represents physicians when policymakers and health authorities formulate health decrees, laws and directives. OM accredits residency programmes and centres, and monitors medical education at all levels except for undergraduates, who are under the tutelage of a university.
OM establishes and endorses best practices, promotes a professional code of ethics and is empowered to impose disciplinary measures in cases of malpractice. There are two central national health authorities under the leadership of the Ministry of Health:. Undergraduate medical education is under the authority of the Ministry of Education, whereas postgraduate medical professionals are the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.
The specialist can optionally apply for a position of consultant. The consultant may further qualify as a senior consultant subject to public hospital vacancies.
While undergraduate and postgraduate medical education are clearly structured and regulated, CPD has thus far been based on trust and conducted as a professional obligation according to a code of ethics. Medical education planning and undertaking are voluntary, self-directed and regulated. Specialist practice is regulated by law and doctors are liable to legal challenge and may be sanctioned by the OM. The trend seems to align with the general European model in which the European Union of Medical Specialists UEMS [ 7 ] acts as a platform for collaborative interaction, programme harmonisation facilitating cooperation, mobility and evidence-based CPD.
Before the Symposium, an online questionnaire on opinions regarding best practice for CPD and recertification was sent out to more than Maltese, Portuguese and Dutch medical specialists.
The data from this survey were presented during the Symposium, engaging the audience in questions such as: What is the aim of recertification — detecting bad apples or striving for excellence? Should CPD and recertification be voluntary or mandatory?
What should be assessed, knowledge or skills? These questions will be discussed in a following manuscript. With increasing need for a culture of accountability and transparency, there is mounting pressure by the general public on legislators, to ensure that all doctors are competent to safeguard patient safety and high-quality care [ 8 ]. In some countries, these systems are controlled by government ministries, and in others they are professionally supervised and regulated.
By definition, APL is the process equality of opportunities, choice and freedom by which credit may be given for past to learn. Implicit within the diversity ideology learning and achievement Open University is the belief that as many people as is , Simosko , Nyatanga et al. Like by the quality of the educational provision and E-learning, APL recognizes that learning can, the support afforded to each learner.
If the and does take place in classrooms as well as support is first class, then one major advantage outside of classrooms. It does this without becomes very obvious. The institution will get necessarily arguing about how, when, and to know their E-learning learners as where such learning occurred. The key issues individuals and not just by learner number. In this sense, APL supports the as well as enjoyment of the programme. The philosophy of E-learning, lifelong learning E-learning learner is normally studying from and open and flexible learning in ways that long distance, in the comfort of their natural put the individual before the organization.
Here the have in place, clear standards and quality learner or consumer takes responsibility for processes.
This applies to all aspect of judging all aspects of their programme. This educational provision, including relevant APL may result in a type of academic Darwinism processes.
The development of E-learning where only the fittest programmes survive. The adequacy of learner support has been The past 10 years have seen, at least in UK, discussed as an issue that distinguishes good a shift from teaching to learning. The shift programmes from poor ones. It is at the heart of Ball's demand for active rather References than passive participation. For the purposes of Ball C More means different. RSA, London this article, lifelong learning means two things: Commission of the European Communities E-learning action plan: designing tomorrow's a continuous formal learning to better education.
Com: final: Brussels, The assessment of the former type of storm. Paper presented at the annual conference of the learning is less problematic as it is embedded University Association for Continuing Education.
Published by Continuum Intl Pub Group The requirements in the Kaderbesluit were updated in Jay: Regarding the lecturers, they are not treating you any differently? In multicultural society individuals are exposed to more than one culture, or a number of subcultures, as Figure 1. Hence, human beings are not only born into a changing culture, but they are part of the process of change. These candidates were on the Masters of Public Administration Programme at the Fort Hare Institute of Government, and were awarded advanced standing: one lacked formal education, and both hold senior management positions within their organisations.
Continuum, programme being undertaken. The second is London more problematic unless APL is accepted as Institute of IT Training Accreditation programme and one of the most authentic ways of assessing it. It McKey P The total student experience. White Paper. The Institutions, equally, have to change their British Council Zimbabwe Newsletter mental set and move away from traditional Nyatanga L, Forman D, Fox J Good practice in the learning modes to more innovative, and accreditation of prior learning.
Charles participative ones. The shift to active learning Merrill Publishing Company, London also means that only those learners who have Salmon G E moderating: the key to teaching and acquired skills to learn how to learn will be learning on line. In terms of learner characteristics, Kogan Page, London The Open University Accrediting prior learning: those that are likely to succeed will have the a training package for advisors and assessors. Related Papers. Quality of assessment of prior learning APL in university programmes: perceptions of candidates, tutors and assessors.
Technological aids to the efficient Assessment of Prior Learning. The quality of procedures to assess and credit prior learning: Implications for design. By Dma Sluijsmans. By Professor Gabriel Kabanda. Download pdf.